Principles Of Materials And Task Design - 2219 Words

Sevilay Asilkent Principles of Materials and Task Design In the field of language learning, course books and materials play a crucial role in order to teach effectively. We as teachers need course books or any kind of materials in order to teach the components of the language to the students. It is quite impossible to teach without any materials because there should be something for students to read or to see in order to understand something. Therefore, teaching materials are really significant in language learning. Teachers sometimes purchase their own course book or the government gives to them. Teachers can find whatever they need to teach in these course books however sometimes they can look for additional materials to support the learning. Before choosing the materials, teachers need to evaluate them in order to get an effective material. There is no best course book which can suit to the all contexts because the needs of the students and teachers might differ. So, teachers need to evaluate their own course book according to t heir context. There might be many contexts such as; teaching English to adults in order to develop their speaking skills or teaching English to young learners. Because of that, evaluators must be aware of different contexts and evaluate according to them. Cunningsworth (1979:31) agrees: â€Å"Course materials are not intrinsically good or bad – ratherShow MoreRelatedDesign And Develop The Hip Prosthesis With Cementless Fixation For Specific Breeds Of Dogs1481 Words   |  6 Pagesmentioned in the first chapter, this research aims to design and develop the hip prosthesis with cementless fixation for specific breeds of dogs. 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LeadershipRead Moresales development and Merchandising Essay1212 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Task A Research report describing the elements of the product in a business and services context After selecting a hotel of your choice, carry out an individual research into the element of the product of this hotel, and produce a written report of your findings which should include: a) A discussion about the key components of the product and how the product mix contributes to sales and profit (ref. 1.1, 1.2) b) An assessment on how market segmentation contribute to maximise sales (ref. 1.3) Read MoreIndustrial society Essay1277 Words   |  6 Pageshad four basic principles; standardised product design, extensive use of new machine tool technology, flow line production and the implementation of Taylorism in relation to work processes. Taylorism involved a general principle of the maximum decomposition of work tasks, the divorce of direct and so called indirect labour, by which meant setting up, preparation and maintenance tasks on machinery and the minimisation of the skill requirements of any task leading to the

Biography Precis Black Boy Essay Example For Students

Biography Precis Black Boy Essay Black Boy , an autobiography by Richard Wright, is an account of a youngAfrican-American boys thoughts and outlooks on life in the South while growingup. The novel is 288 pages, and was published by Harper and Row Publishers in 1996. The main subject, Richard Wright, who was born in 1908, opens the bookwith a description of himself as a four-year-old in Natchez, Mississippi, andhis familys later move to Memphis. In addition it describes his earlyrebellion against parental authority, and his unsupervised life on the streetswhile his mother is at work. His family lives in poverty and faces constanthunger. As a result his family lives with his strict grandmother, a ferventlyreligious woman. In spite of his frequent punishment and beatings, Wrightremembers the pleasures of rural life. Richard then describes his familys move to Memphis in 1914. Though notalways successful, Richards rebellious nature pervades the novel. This is bestillustrated by his rebellion against his father. He resents his fathers theneed for quiet during the day, when his father, a night porter, sleeps. When Mr. Wright tells Richard to kill a meowing kitten if thats the only way he can keepit quiet, Richard has found a way to rebel without being punished. He takes hisfather literally and hangs the kitten. But Richards mother punishes him bymaking him bury the kitten and by filling him with guilt. Another theme is seenwhen his father deserts the family, and Richard faces severe hunger. For thefirst time, Richard sees himself as different from others, because he mustassume some of the responsibilities of an adult. In contrast to his abovecharacteristics, Richard soon shows his ability in learning, even before hestarts school, which he begins at a later age than other boys because his mothercouldnt afford his school clothes. Rebellion, hunger (for knowledge and food),and the sense of being different will continue with Richard throughout this book. In the following chapters the Wrights move to the home of Richards AuntMaggie. But their pleasant life there ends when whites kill Maggies husband. Later the threat of violence by whites forces Maggie to flee again. Additionalunfortunate events include Richards mother having a stroke. As a result,Richard is sent to his Uncle Clarks, but he is unhappy there and insists onreturning to his mothers. Later, Richard confronts his Aunt Addie, who teaches at the Seventh-DayAdventist church school. He also resists his grandmothers attempts to converthim to religious faith. He writes his first story and blossoms in a literarysense. Richard then gets a job selling newspapers but quits when he finds thatthe newspapers hold racist views. Soon after this incident, his grandfather dies. Richard publishes his first story. The reaction from his family isoverwhelmingly negative, though they can do nothing to stop his interest inliterature. When he graduates, Richard becomes class valedictorian. But he refusesto give the speech written for him by the principal. Upon entering the harshworld of actual adulthood, Richard has several terrifying confrontations withwhites. In the most important of these confrontations, he is forced out of a jobbecause he dares to ask to learn the skills of the trade. These same harshrealities of life also force Richard to learn to steal. By stealing he acquiresenough money to leave the Deep South. Richard finds a place to stay in Memphis. The owner of his rooming houseencourages him to marry her daughter, Bess. As a result of his inborn fear ofintimacy, he refuses. Richard then takes another job with an optical company. .ubcc1bd20dacc49db411df41cd9e5f8c8 , .ubcc1bd20dacc49db411df41cd9e5f8c8 .postImageUrl , .ubcc1bd20dacc49db411df41cd9e5f8c8 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ubcc1bd20dacc49db411df41cd9e5f8c8 , .ubcc1bd20dacc49db411df41cd9e5f8c8:hover , .ubcc1bd20dacc49db411df41cd9e5f8c8:visited , .ubcc1bd20dacc49db411df41cd9e5f8c8:active { border:0!important; } .ubcc1bd20dacc49db411df41cd9e5f8c8 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ubcc1bd20dacc49db411df41cd9e5f8c8 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ubcc1bd20dacc49db411df41cd9e5f8c8:active , .ubcc1bd20dacc49db411df41cd9e5f8c8:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ubcc1bd20dacc49db411df41cd9e5f8c8 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ubcc1bd20dacc49db411df41cd9e5f8c8 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ubcc1bd20dacc49db411df41cd9e5f8c8 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ubcc1bd20dacc49db411df41cd9e5f8c8 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ubcc1bd20dacc49db411df41cd9e5f8c8:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ubcc1bd20dacc49db411df41cd9e5f8c8 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ubcc1bd20dacc49db411df41cd9e5f8c8 .ubcc1bd20dacc49db411df41cd9e5f8c8-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ubcc1bd20dacc49db411df41cd9e5f8c8:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: On The Universality Of Poetry EssayThe foreman tries to provoke a fight between him and a black employee of anothercompany. In the culmination of Richards interest in literature, he borrows alibrary card and discovers the hard-hitting style of columnist H. L. Mencken andbegins to read voraciously. Finally, in the last chapter, Richard leaves for Chicago. When Richardtells his boss that he is leaving, he says that his departure is at his familysinsistence. The white men at the factory are uneasy about a black man who wantsto go north. They seem to consider that desire an implicit criticism of theSouth and thus of them. On the train north, Richard reflects on his life. Hewonders why he believes that life could be lived more fully. His answer is thathe acquired this belief from the books he read, which were critical of Americaand

A Day in Malaysia essays

A Day in Malaysia essays A Malaysian Day is not to be conceived as a day celebrated by Malaysians to symbolize any particular occasion. Indeed it should denote a typical day of any Malaysian, a microcosm of what is in the daily life a Malaysian amidst the rapid developments in the urban areas and the well-conserved rural environment. My story is spun from my experience during a five-day holiday in Malaysia. Youre going back to Malaysia, my parents announced unexpectedly, handing me air tickets, thus ending weeks of indecision as to where I was to spend my month-long winter break. I was to spend four days in Malaysia, my birth place, a place I hadnt seen in 16 years, since we moved to Birmingham. Day 1 All doubts seemed to fade however, as I stepped on board Malaysia Airlines aircraft. I was greeted warmly by the smiling kebaya-clad air stewardesses of the airline. Hours seemed to fly as the flight progressed, leaving London in the evening and arriving at dawn in Kuala Lumpur, the capital of Malaysia. I gazed out of the window, awed by the rolling acres of palm trees which sprawled over the humongous oil palm estates. We landed in the space-age designed Kuala Lumpur International Airport. After two hours of transit, I caught a connecting flight to Kuching, the capital of Sarawak, the southern state situated in Borneo. Greeted by my granddad at the airport, I was whisked away on a bumpy 3-hour drive to Sri Aman, where I boarded a boat to Lemanak. Low hanging trees formed canopies at some parts of the river, emitting an eerie green glow as we manoeuvred our way along it. I dipped my hands into the murky brown river, only to be warned by the boatman that it was infested with crocodiles. Needless to say, my hands made a hasty retreat and I spent most of my time looking at croc-like logs drifting down the river. I arrived at the Iban longhouse, the traditional wooden home which sits on stilts. I was gr...

Free Essays on Jing Mei And Conflicting Values

Every parent has goals that he or she wishes for their child to achieve. Often times, the parent will push the child hard enough that they will rebel, as Jing-Mei does in the short story â€Å"Two Kinds†. â€Å" The story, â€Å"Two Kinds† set in California and written by author Amy Tan, portrays the situation between a young girl, Jing-Mei, whose mother makes numerous attempts for her daughter to become a â€Å"prodigy† (211). Throughout the story, Jing-Mei’s mother pushes her to become something she is not, obviously not realizing the grief Jing-Mei endures. In Amy Tan’s â€Å"Two Kinds,† the author considers the themes of opposing values and mother-daughter relationships, by her use of the title, the characters that act out the events, and the story’s plot and various conflicts. The title â€Å"Two Kinds† fits the story suitably in that both Jing-Mei and her mother differ in their ways of thinking and who they are. At the commencement of the story, the author depicts Jing-Mei’s mother as being a typical parent, wanting the best for her daughter. Jing-Mei’s mother wants her daughter to do as she says, while Jing-Mei wants to be her own person. The story makes it clear that Jing-Mei does not appreciate her mother’s constant attempts to make her daughter the America dream child. Their different beliefs cause them to argue more, displaying the conflicts among mother-daughter relationships. In the middle of the story, Jing-Mei’s mother states that â€Å"there are only two kinds of daughters† (217) are another reason for the title. â€Å"Two Kinds† also conveys Jing-Mei’s discovery that the two pieces of piano music were once two pieces, but now are a complete piece. At the end of the story Jing-Mei sta tes, â€Å"And for the first time, or so it seemed, I noticed the piece on the right-hand side. It was called â€Å"Perfectly Contented.† And after I played them both a few times, I realized they were two halves of the s... Free Essays on Jing Mei And Conflicting Values Free Essays on Jing Mei And Conflicting Values Every parent has goals that he or she wishes for their child to achieve. Often times, the parent will push the child hard enough that they will rebel, as Jing-Mei does in the short story â€Å"Two Kinds†. â€Å" The story, â€Å"Two Kinds† set in California and written by author Amy Tan, portrays the situation between a young girl, Jing-Mei, whose mother makes numerous attempts for her daughter to become a â€Å"prodigy† (211). Throughout the story, Jing-Mei’s mother pushes her to become something she is not, obviously not realizing the grief Jing-Mei endures. In Amy Tan’s â€Å"Two Kinds,† the author considers the themes of opposing values and mother-daughter relationships, by her use of the title, the characters that act out the events, and the story’s plot and various conflicts. The title â€Å"Two Kinds† fits the story suitably in that both Jing-Mei and her mother differ in their ways of thinking and who they are. At the commencement of the story, the author depicts Jing-Mei’s mother as being a typical parent, wanting the best for her daughter. Jing-Mei’s mother wants her daughter to do as she says, while Jing-Mei wants to be her own person. The story makes it clear that Jing-Mei does not appreciate her mother’s constant attempts to make her daughter the America dream child. Their different beliefs cause them to argue more, displaying the conflicts among mother-daughter relationships. In the middle of the story, Jing-Mei’s mother states that â€Å"there are only two kinds of daughters† (217) are another reason for the title. â€Å"Two Kinds† also conveys Jing-Mei’s discovery that the two pieces of piano music were once two pieces, but now are a complete piece. At the end of the story Jing-Mei sta tes, â€Å"And for the first time, or so it seemed, I noticed the piece on the right-hand side. It was called â€Å"Perfectly Contented.† And after I played them both a few times, I realized they were two halves of the s...

Effect of interest rate and inflation rate on the islamic shares Dissertation

Effect of interest rate and inflation rate on the islamic shares listed in the united arab emirates - Dissertation Example The Shariah Principles, which dates back to almost fourteen hundred years ago, has put forward certain immaculate methodologies and customs pertaining to establishment of a financial system. These principles and ideologies can be applied even in the dynamic and robust global economic scenario of the twenty first century without any downside. The Islamic financial system strongly condemns the inclusion of interest in the transactions between the borrowers and the lenders and has labeled any such transaction as repugnant to the principles of Shariah or ‘Haram’. Following the same principles, not only such transactions are unlawful according to the principles of Islam, but investing in any of such companies and earning return form such are also unlawful. With the passage of time, the development of the Islamic financial institution started taking place at a rapid pace. The trend was not only confined to the Middle Eastern and Far East Asian countries, but the effects were f ar stretched to the European and the North American countries as well. The supporters of the conventional economic system soon realized that the rationale behind the Islamic financial structure and the concepts of an Islamic financial institution. Several major conventional banks have since launched various Islamic products and experienced impressive response from the individuals as well as from corporations. Shariah principles related to Islamic financial system not only provide guidance on the financial products pertaining to Islamic banking, but it has also issued pronouncements on how companies can regulate their operations and bring them in line in accordance with the laws of Islamic Shariah. Investing in the equity security of the Shairah compliant companies is allowed for the investors and the return earned on such investment is permissible and ‘Halal’. There are certain conditions which the company needs to implement in its operational and financial strategy in order to become Shariah compliant. The main The business of the company must not be prohibited as per the laws of Shariah If debt ratio of the company is higher than 33% of its equity capital, then buying the shares of such company is not permissible as per Shariah Islamic scholars have allowed the interest income to be less than 5% of the total income of the company for it to be permissible for investment Relationship between the interest rate and the inflation has been discussed at large in various economic literatures. Both of these variables are responsible for shaping the essential aspects of the economy such as monetary policy and regulating the supply and demand of several commodities. Various studies have been conducted in order to understand the relationship between the interest rate and the rate of inflation. It is generally considered among the economist that the nominal

Leadership photo narrative Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Leadership photo narrative - Essay Example She couldn’t wait to get there. Lana was excited, confident of meeting expectations and thereby earning the love and respect of her new colleagues. Lana had been offered a job as a computer technician in a prestigious firm that prided themselves on employing and empowering the differently abled. They subscribed to the school of thought that believed in person-centric planning for the required service and support systems for their employees with disabilities and consulted with a highly acknowledged team of Human Services professionals. Life seemed to have so much to offer that lovely morning that Lana had quite forgotten the hard time she had had just some time ago when boarding the bus. Looking at Lana’s bright and happy face and twinkling eyes, no one could have suspected how severely challenged the young woman was. Her peculiar condition made every physical action a little battle in itself. Some strange muscular dysfunction made her a contradictory combination of a sharp and agile mind in a physically challenged body that labored to obey simple signals from her brain. What a struggle every step she took was! Only she knew how much courage it took to go on doggedly determined to achieve her objective- sometimes as commonplace as climbing the rather high steps of the bus. However, Lana had been lucky to have a great family and caregivers. Her parents and siblings together with her teachers at the special school she had recently graduated from had helped her become what she was today. Lana was a trained information technology or IT professional. At her computer and on the internet, she was a wizard and that was exactly what had got her this job in the city. But Lana had learned much more than merely computer skills. She had learned to accept a stranger’s helping hand appreciating his or her genuine concern instead of feeling humiliated. She had learned to ignore the pitying glances of others better-abled than she. Above all she had

Lack of parental interaction

Lack of parental interaction Zafi is the eldest child and he has two younger siblings. He was an average student in primary school with no discipline problems. When he was 11 years old, his father passed away. After the death of his father, his mother holds two jobs to make ends meet. His mother relies on him to take care of his two younger siblings as she is always not at home. Currently in secondary two, his academic result is very poor. In class, he would keep to himself and would shy away from classroom activities. He would sometimes cheat in tests and exams. The reasons he gave for cheating are, not having the ability to do it and he does not want his classmates to think that he is stupid. His form teacher tried many times to meet his mother to discuss about his cheating behaviour and poor academic performance but she is always busy with her work. After school, Zafi would meet up with his neighbourhood friends. Most of them are drop outs. They constantly told him to quit school and to enjoy life just like t hem. Zafi enjoys spending time with them as he thought they understand him best. They would also smoke and drink alcohol. He would only return home very late at night or not at all. Zafis father had passed away and his mother is too busy working to support the family. There is almost no interaction between Zafi and his mother and there is no other important adult to supervise him at home. In short, the parental involvement is almost non-existent. Using Bronfenbrenner Bioecological Theory and Baumrind Parenting Style Theory, I would relate how Zafis parental interactions and parenting style affects his context of development. Bronfenbrenner Bioecological Theory According to Bronfenbrenner, the lack of parental interaction is the most destructive force to a childs development. [1] Urie Bronfenbrenner says that there are two environmental conditions that are necessary for human development. The first is that one or more adults must love the child unconditionally; the second is that the adults must encourage the child and spend time doing joint activities with the child in and out of the home environment. [2] Zafis mother loves him unconditionally but she is too busy to show it and she is also unable to spend time with any of her children. Therefore, the two important conditions are not met. Bronfenbrenner also developed a Bioecological Theory to explain how the childs environments can significantly influence his cognitive development and his growth. The theory consists of 4 systems nested around each other with the child being in the innermost. The 4 systems developed by Bronfenbrenner are: microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, and macrosystem. [3] The microsystem is where a child has direct interactions with parents, teachers, peers and others. In Zafis case, he has very little interaction with his mother and he spends most of his time with his neighbourhood friends. Too little interactions with his mother causes a break down in his microsystem and the bad influence he is getting from his neighbourhood friends is not helping in his positive growth and development. The second level is the mesosystem. Mesosystem are linkages between microsystems such as between a childs teacher and his parents, and relationships between students and peers. His teacher tried many times to c reate a linkage with his mother but failed due to her busy work schedule. This contributes to a break down in his mesosystem. The third level is the exosystem. Exosystem are external experiences in which a child does not have an active role but still influence the childs developments. In this case, his mothers busy work schedule is the exosystem. Her two jobs require her to work long hours and irregular shifts. This resulted in her having very little face time with her children. The last level is the macrosystem. Macrosystem consists of things that influence and sometimes support the child such as cultures, norms, and laws. The break down in his microsystem will affect the other systems as it disabled him to explore other parts of his environment. Without the presence of proper supervision or love, Zafi will try looking for attention in inappropriate places. These behaviours will give rise to problems such as little self discipline and no self direction. Neglectful Parenting According to Diana Baumrind, parenting styles come in three main forms; authoritarian parenting, authoritative parenting, and indulgent parenting. Eleanor Maccoby and John Martin expanded BaumrindHYPERLINK http://www.law-of-attraction-parenting.com/baumrind-parenting-style.htmlHYPERLINK http://www.law-of-attraction-parenting.com/baumrind-parenting-style.htmls research and added another parenting style, Neglectful or Uninvolved Parenting (Maccoby Martin, 1983). [4] The degree of supervision and discipline shown by Zafis mother is minimal, and there is no consequence for unacceptable behaviour. She does not deliberately encourage Zafi to self regulate his behaviour and there is very little communication between them. These are the characteristics of neglectful parenting. Even though she fulfills her children basic needs such as food and clothing, sadly, she is detached from their life. She is also psychologically unavailable to her children. Neglectful parenting style rank lowest acro ss all life domains. Children with neglectful parents tend to lack self-control, have low self-esteem and are less competent than their peers. They often engage in high-risk behaviours and are vulnerable to substance abuse. [5] Interventions Bronfenbrenner said that to ensure healthy child development, one or more adults must love the child unconditionally and they must spend time doing joint activities with the child in and out of the home environment. However, in Zafis case, this is not possible for his mother. What she could have done to increase the level of interaction with her son is by communicating with him more through the phone. During her short breaks at work, she could have called her son to ask about his day at school, find out whether he has eaten and to also provide psychological and emotional support in case his son is upset over a school event such as a failed test. This way, the child knows his mother cares for him and he can also feel his mothers love and affection. She should also try to take at least a day off weekly to spend valuable face time with her children. If it is not possible, she should ask her parents for help in taking care of her children while she is at work. There must be at least one adult present at home so that the child would not feel neglected. As for the teacher, he needs to be flexible to adjust to the parents inflexible work schedule. If meeting with the parent in person is not possible, he should at least keep in close contact with the parent through the phone and to update her about her sons learning progress and behaviour. In doing so, he is successful in creating a linkage with the parent. Once there is a linkage, it will be much easier for both teacher and parent to work together to ensure the childs healthy development. The teacher can also educate parents about the developmental needs of children. Research indicates that family involvement in schools increases student achievement (Henderson Berla, 1994). [6] The benefits of parent and family involvement include higher test scores and grades, better attendance, more completion of homework and more positive attitudes and behavior. Next, I would relate how Zafis parental interactions and parenting style affects his self and identity development. Self-Esteem Children look to parents and other important adults for evidence that theyre smart, capable, etc. This evidence may be in the form of encouragement, praise for accomplishments, awards, etc. If the evidence is not present, low self-esteem develops. [7] This explains why neglectful parenting results in children with low self-esteem. Low self-esteem can have a big negative impact on academic performance. Once a child does poorly in school, he will start to think poorly of himself and it may cause him to underachieve or make him give up completely. Children with low self-esteem tend to be lonely in school as they find it hard to make new friends. They would shy away from classroom activities as they do not want to appear incompetent. Resisting negative pressures would also seem difficult for these children. [8] Looking at Zafis case, it is obvious that he is suffering from low self-esteem. He is doing very poorly in school and at home he never gets the encouragement he needs to make him feel better. He is also not motivated to study as no matter how well he performs, his mother is not there to praise or acknowledge his accomplishments. In class, he is afraid to get involve in classroom activities and he constantly keeps to himself. He is also not able to resist negative pressures from his neighbourhood friends. As he spends more time with them, he developed a sense of belonging towards them and this sense makes him want to be like them. Interventions It is important that teachers look out for and help students who are suffering from low self-esteem as it can affect their academic performance and also their overall well-being. Teachers should be paying more attention to students like Zafi. They tend to have low self-esteem due to the lack of attention, love and affection. Students with low self-esteem will say things like, I know that I will fail or I hate myself. They tend to avoid getting involved in new activities and would have trouble making new friends and mixing around. Stresses faced at home such as parents arguing a lot and difficult lessons can have a negative impact on a childs self esteem. Some of the things that teachers can do to improve students self-esteem are, to always accentuate the positive, avoid criticism, set realistic expectations for the students and give them the opportunity to tell the class things they like about themselves. Those with very low self-esteem will have problem with even saying two things t hey like about themselves therefore, the teacher have to provide prompts for these students. Eriksons Psychosocial Development Theory Erik Erikson highlighted the importance of relationships with others in the formation of ones own identity. He believed that personality develops through eight stages of life. He suggested that at each stage of life an individual is confronted by a crisis (Erikson, 1950). At this age, Zafi is going through stage 5 crisis of Eriksons Psychosocial Development Theory which is Identity versus Role Confusion. In this stage, adolescents struggle to resolve the question of Who am I? They move from their parents to peers as a point of references. They strive to clarify their own personalities. They are often observed to imitate the attitudes and actions of others they admire. In Zafis case, his neighbourhood friends are his only point of reference. As he respects and admires them, he chose to imitate their attitudes and actions. He would smoke and drink alcohol with them till late at night. Interventions In Identity versus Role Confusion stage, adolescents will move to peers as a point of reference. As Zafi is not close to anyone else in school, he is left with no choice but to see his neighbourhood friends as references. What can be done by the teacher is to introduce buddy system to pair up low self-esteem student such as Zafi with a higher self-esteem one. The higher self-esteem student may be able to help Zafi with his studies and thus increasing his confidence and self-esteem. Zafi may look up to his buddy as his role model and thus imitate him instead of his neighbourhood peers. The teacher should also provide plenty of opportunities for students to explore identity issues as they relate to understanding who they are as individuals. An activity such as making a collage about themselves or writing their autobiography is a good way for them to explore themselves. The teacher can also enhance students self esteem by encouraging the students to substitute negative self-statements with a positive one. Lastly, I would relate how Zafis parenting style affects his moral development. His mother neglectful parenting style resulted in him lacking self-control, having low self-esteem and feeling less competent compared to his peers. His low self-esteem caused him to have low self-confidence which led him to believe that he does not have the ability to pass his examinations. As he does not want his classmates to think that he is stupid, he decided to cheat in his tests and examinations. Kohlbergs Stages of Moral Development The reason why Zafi cheated is based on self-interests. From his reasoning, his moral development is in Level 1: Preconventional Reasoning; Stage 1: Punishment-Obedience, of Kohlbergs stages of moral development. His reasoning is characterised by a focus on the consequence experienced by him as a result of his actions. Interventions To minimize cheating, teachers should clearly spell out the consequences of cheating and to consistently follow through with these when cheating does occur. Teachers can also help students overcome the need to cheat by providing the student with extra help and reducing student anxiety. Student anxiety can be reduced by emphasizing that mistakes are okay and a part of learning.