Why Is Tobacco Bad for You

Peter Yang Andrea Charanduk English 20 January 23, 2012 How tobacco addictionseffect you and people around you? A tobacco addiction is the worst addiction you can do to your body. According to the Health Canada website, â€Å"every 11 minutes, a Canadian dies from tobacco use. Every 10 minutes, two Canadian teenagers start smoking cigarettes; one of them will lose his/her life because of it yearly, more than a thousand Canadians who never even smoked die – from exposure to tobacco smoke. Smoking affects every part of your body even to your sexual organs, as stated in Health Canada website â€Å"Sexual functioning needs the coordination of the nervous system, hormones and the vascular system which pumps blood into the muscle tissue that keeps the erection Smoking hinders every area. The effect? Impotence. † Now days teens start smoking because, they think it’s cool to look like an adult, or they get peer pressured. I agree that smoking does kind of look cool, but what’s hiding behind that smoke can kill you, and everyone else around you. There is strong medical evidence that smoking tobacco is related to more than two dozen diseases and conditions† (â€Å"Smoking and Your body†). Smokingaffects every part of your body even to your toes! The effect of smoking is terrible for your health; it is proven countless times by medical professionals and scientists. Smoking affects your lungs, cardiovascular system, and respiratory system the most (â€Å"Smoking and Your Body†). When you smoke a cigarette you are inhaling toxic chemicals and the most addictive drug. Nicotine. Nicotine is the drug responsible for making cigarettes so addictive. It makes your body crave more cigarettes and that means inhaling all those gross chemicals† (â€Å"Nicotine†). I know a person who had a throat cancer. He had to get a surgery to get his voice box removed to stop the spreading of cancer disease. Now, he can’t talk. He needs this little device on his throat to help him talk, which I have sympathy towards it. He made a mistake a long time ago, and now he is paying the price for it. Look around you, do you smoke? Or a friend? Tell yourself to quit, help a friend out. You just got to try. Smoking is bad, but starting as a teenager is the worst mistake you can make. As stated on the website smoking-facts. net â€Å"At least 3 million adolescents are smokers and roughly 6 million teens in the US today smoke despite the knowledge that it is addictive and leads to disease†. This is very true and it is happening right here, right now. I know several teenagers that smoke a pack a day. This will lead them to pre-mature death, lung cancer and various other diseases. Of the 3,000 teens that started smoking today, nearly 1,000 will eventually die as a result from smoking† (â€Å"Teen Smoking Facts†). I don’t expect people to read this article and quit, I just want them to know that, smoking as a teenager can definitely harm the health of your body. Then maybe you would be smart enough to quit smoking. â€Å"Second-hand smoke is what smokers exhale and what rises from an idle burning cigar ette. You can see smoke in the air but what may not be so obvious is that there are 4,000 chemicals in the smoke† (â€Å"Second Hand Smoke†). I have been in position where I was the second hand smoker. It is not the best place you would want to be when people are smoking around you. The smell of the smoke makes me frown, cough, and you just know that this can’t be good for your body. Back in the day’s people could smoke anywhere! In the restaurants, airplane, bar, and any public places. Now this was allowed because they had less knowledge of second hand smoking than we do now. There is a story where a woman died from a lung cancer when she was only 50. The worst part about the story is that she never had a single cigarette in her life, she was a waitress at a restaurant and she would be second hand smoking from everybody who would come into restaurant and smoke. How horrible is that? An innocent person is suffering from someone else’s mistake. Do you think that’s right? I am not going to lie, I have tried smoking, and it’s theworst thing I ever did. You can feel all the chemicals going through your body and affecting you internally. My personal opinion about smoking is that, it is totally fine if you want to smoke and hurt yourself, as long as you don’t smoke around people who does not smoke. Maybe you didn’t know that smoking affects not only you but people around you. I hope who ever reads this article figures out how it is effecting you and people around you and at least try quitting. In this article I talked about all most everything about why smoking is bad for you and second hand smokers. I hope this article awakened your urge to quit smoking for yourself and people you love. Smoking is bad, we all know that. Making a mistake is †¦ humane. We all make mistakes, but repeating that mistake with knowing the consequences is plain stupidity. About Tobacco Control. Health Canada, 2009. Web. 29 September 2009. Nicotine. Health Canada, 2008. Web. 24 January 2008. Second-hand Smoke. Health Canada, 2009. Web. 17 April 2009. Smoking and Your Body. Health Canada, 2011. Web. 01 November 2011. Teen Smoking Facts. Smoking-Facts. net, nd. Web. 23 January 2012.

Principles of beneficence and non-maleficence Essay

_In order to have a common basis of understanding some words need to be defined:_ _BENEFICENCE:_ _The action of helping others and performing actions that would result in benefit to another person._ _NON-MALEFICENCE:_ _The avoidance of causing harm or evil by doing a certain action or by not doing any action at all._ _PHYSICIAN:_ _is a professional who practices medicine, which is concerned with promoting, maintaining or restoring human health through the study, diagnosis, and treatment of disease, injury and other physical and mental impairments_. _TORT_ : A civil wrong committed against a person or property, excluding breach of contract. BENEFICENCE AND NON-MALEFICENCE As the principles of beneficence and non-maleficence are closely related, they are discussed together in this section. Beneficence involves balancing the benefits of treatment against the risks and costs involved, whereas non-maleficence means avoiding the causation of harm. As many treatments involve some degree of harm, the principle of non-maleficence would imply that the harm should not be disproportionate to the benefit of the treatment. Respecting the principles of beneficence and non-maleficence may in certain circumstances mean failing to respect a person’s autonomy i.e. respecting their views about a particular treatment. For example, it may be necessary to provide treatment that is not desired in order to prevent the development of a future, more serious health problem. The treatment might be unpleasant, uncomfortable or even painful but this might involve less harm to the patient than would occur, were they not to have it. In cases where the patient lacks legal competence to make a decision, medical staffs are expected to act in the best interests of the patient. In doing  so, they may take into account the principles of beneficence and non-maleficence. However, it would be helpful for medical staff in such cases, if the patient lacking capacity had made an advance directive. Nevertheless, as will be seen in the following section on â€Å"the position of advance directives alongside current wishes†, problems may arise when there is a conflict between what a person requested in an advance directive and what in the physician’s view is in their best interests, particularly in cases where it is no longer clear that the person in question would still agree with the decision previously made. Examples of Beneficence: Resuscitating a drowning victim. Providing vaccinations for the general population. Encouraging a person to quit smoking, etc. Examples of Non-maleficence: Stopping a medication that is shown to be harmful. Refusing to provide a treatment that has not been shown to be effective. One of the most common ethical dilemmas arises in the balancing of beneficence and non-maleficence. This balance is the one between the benefits and risks of treatment and plays a role in nearly every medical decision such as whether to order a particular test, medication, procedure, operation or treatment. By providing informed consent, physicians give patients the information necessary to understand the scope and nature of the potential risks and benefits in order to make a decision. Ultimately it is the patient who assigns weight to the risks and benefits. Nonetheless, the potential benefits of any intervention must outweigh the risks in order for the action to be ethical. TORTS Also known as Negligence, the person guilty of committing a tort is called TORTFEASOR. The two types of torts are: _Intentional_: such as ASSAULT (threat or bodily harm to another), BATTERY (An action that causes bodily harm or injury), DEFAMATION OF CHARACTER (An action damaging a person’s reputation by making public statements), FALSE IMPRISONMENT (Intentional and unlawful restraint or confinement of one person by another), FRAUD (Intentional misrepresentation to take advantage of the resources of another person), INVASION OF PRIVACY (An intrusion into a person’s seclusion or private affairs). _Unintentional_: this one is when there is a non intended harm is caused but committed unreasonably or with a disregard for the consequences. There are four elements that make a person eligible for liability. Those elements are known as †THE FOUR D’S OF NEGLIGENCE†, which are: Duty, Derelict, Direct Cause and Damages. A complaint has to include all four elements or the court will not consider the claim. In conclusion, the presence of these two principles is important because, they provide a system of checks and balances for providers and patients in making decisions concerning medical care, and they are necessary to a patient’s autonomy or independence in making his/her own decision.

Simulation in Architectural Research

Simulation in Architectural Research Abstraction In the new universe of architectural research and determination, engineering has a chief function to play. With the aid of engineering it made possible in making practical universe which triggers many facts and findings for obtaining illations that helps in pulling decisions. This paper focuses on one of the research processes that are involved in the extroverted coevals of architectural research i.e. architectural simulation research. The architectural simulation can be classified into pulling, exposure and different graduated table theoretical account. This research can be executed in similar lines with the conventional Logical Argumentation, Experimental Research and Qualitative Research in many ways. The paper besides focuses on the tactical portion of the different class of simulation research which deals with the features of simulation types. Keywords: Simulation ; Architectural research ; Architectural Photographs ; Architectural ModelsIntroductionSimulation occurs when a reproduction of a existent universe context or a hypothesized existent universe context contains with in a dynamic interactions that are consequence of manipulated factors. The interactions are brooding of the interactions happening in the practical universe for application into the existent universe context [ 2 ] . In simple footings simulation is a procedure where one can compare the existent universe scenario by making practical universe. It may be minimized graduated table in existent universe or created by the package. There are points to be considered during the procedure of simulation as it proposed a practical world. It can give information to gauge the likely menaces, besides provides different types of analytical tools and reading interface for truth in simulation. This predicts the possible solutions that are effectual in extenuating unsafe c onditions like natural jeopardies like temblor, tsunami, and air current factors etc. to gauge the likely menaces and provides different types of analytical tools and reading interface for truth in simulation as trades with graduated table and complexness. Computer engineering helps a batch in this research. It helps in stuff testing by practical simulation like fire-fighting, wind factor analysis, climatic alteration, temperature ordinance inside every bit good as outside the edifice etc. [ 1 ] .Scheme of Simulation ResearchWhenever simulation procedure has to be acquainted with architectural research, so it can be sub-divided into classs like pulling, picture taking every bit good as architectural theoretical accounts. It can be equipped with assorted applications depending on the practical demand of the fortunes. 2.1 Pulling for Simulation The procedure of design can be considered as the simulation research, as the reading of ideas and feeling of the research worker is involved. An designer ought to plan a edifice as per client’s demand, professional moralss and personal inventions. Series of test and mistake can be manipulated by the designers ; by maintaining in head the different factors like functional demand, structural stableness and delighting aesthetics along with clip and cost to finish the undertakings every bit good [ 2 ] . 2.2 Photographs for Simulation Photographic analysis is another manner of stand foring simulation in architecture. This is the procedure to understand the exposure and seek to associate it into existent universe scenario and happen out the relationship between the images into existent universe version. Photograph of one topographic point is being inter-related to the other built infinite which may be conceptually and contextually related. Many parametric quantities can be evolved from such photographic analyses. 2.3 Model for Simulation Different sorts of results can be obtained so as to cipher parametric quantities when there is a physical or practical theoretical account is entitled for rating. The influence of orientation of the edifice, Sun visible radiation, air current behaviour, all these can be calculated through edifice mold procedure. Scale physical theoretical account can be tested in the lab by the procedure of air current tunnel trial for proving air current form, BESTEST [ The Building Energy Simulation Test ] for ciphering the edifice energy consumption for a peculiar clip period and giving consequences to optimise it efficaciously. Different package like Design Builders, Ecotect analysis package etc. simplifies the undertaking to place the variable like DBT [ Dry Bulb Temperature ] , WBT [ Wet Bulb Temperature ] and humidness degree inside the suites etc. During the research procedure one can alter the parametric quantities and look into the computations for different chances and deduce the best opti on for deduction into the several site specific constructing design.Types of Simulation Research3.1 Iconic In this sort of research testing of stuff or merchandises are executed with the aid of simulation oriented intercessions. The simulation chiefly involves in the procedure of altering variables limit, instead than alteration in stuffs for the simulation. 3.2 Analogous This sort of simulation occurs, when there is an existent or proposed physical system is carried by following comparative analysis matrix. This type of research includes the Model simulation by taking all the parametric quantities into consideration and compares the properties and impacts at the same time. 3.3 Operational When people are involved for determination devising procedure operational simulation happens. This theoretical account deals with peoples interaction with physical context but accent is more upon the informations generated by the function drama. This sort of simulation advantages by skit drama or some sort of act for bring forthing consciousness among people. Audiences are the variable parametric quantities who are altering their positions harmonizing to the emotional fond regard of the narrative in the practical universe which they relate to existent universe scenario [ 6 ] . 3.4 Mathematical System of figure coding that gaining controls existent universe relationships in quantifiable abstract values related to practical universe scenario. This mathematical simulation chiefly deals with the appraisal and costing of the edifice. While doing the entire preliminary budget of the undertaking many substitutions and combinations occurs between the pick of stuffs, labour and in break uping stat mi rock. All these available types of simulation research can be done with the aid of either physical or practical theoretical accounts. The constructs are same but the analysis or the results may be changing as all these are involved in different parametric quantities and different state of affairss [ 2 ] .Simulation and relation with other types of research4.1 Relationship between Simulation Research and Logical Argumentation Research The logical debate research explains the dynamic interactions and relationships but can non really show them. But the simulation research is designed to ordain a peculiar instance or at most of limited figure of instance specimen of the general theory. [ 2 ] 4.2 Relationship between Simulation Research and Experimental Research Experimental research isolates a context and identifies a peculiar variable that can be manipulated to see how it affects with other variables. Experimental research is more related to iconic simulation research. But simulation research recognizes that cause-effect relationships are normally is non clear in existent universe context which ever involve probabilistic factor [ 2 ] . Experimental research involves the realistic attack of happening the factor associated with the concerned undertaking whereas the simulation research merely gives us a practical acknowledgment of naming the undertaking aspects. 4.3 Relationship between Simulation Research and Qualitative Research Simulation research involves carry oning interviews which are held on-line, look intoing records accurately and in a shorter span of clip. Checking paperss or other sort of field-works which are chiefly supposed to be qualitative research oriented [ 2 ] .Tactical ConcernRetroflexing the existent universe scenario simulation research has some restrictions. Wayss to get the better of such mistakes becomes an built-in portion of tactics. The Strategic tactics are: Accuracy in reproduction is besides a affair of concern in this process [ 3 ] ; Data mistake is a liability that is sometimes found in such procedures ; co-ordination job may besides originate if there is improper balance in executing ; duplicate of informations or wrongly placed informations or incorrect input of informations is sometimes caused by manual mistakes which is conventionally a drawback in simulation procedures. Output printing/ patterning mistakes are besides possible in such a scenario [ 4 ] .Characteristic of S imulation Research6.1 Strength of Simulation Research Simulation research is capturing the complexness of existent universe behaviours i.e. natural and societal behaviours. It provides a assortment of ways of understanding the future behaviours of a context i.e. form and projection of behaviours. It provides harmoniousness between logical debate research, qualitative research, and experimental research and keeps a changeless relationship between them [ 5 ] . 6.2 Weakness of Simulation Research Simulation research replicates a existent universe scenario but there is no confidence of completeness of the research in a jutting agenda. This attack may non carry through the kernel demand of an entreaty. There might be many calculating mistakes possible during this procedure [ 6 ] . The deficiency of truth might be ensuing in certain proficient liabilities in the scenario. This research is costlier than other type of research. The disbursal undertaken in this phenomenal procedure is comparatively high and therefore the installing disbursals are besides well dearly-won. The clip taken by such a procedure is besides really long. It consumes literally more clip to take attention of every agreeableness of this procedure which would linger the entire docket to a longer period of clip.DecisionArchitectural simulation research can be in effectual instrumental tool in appropriate and instance specific design processes, as it infers possible parametric quantities derived out of assorted research faculties. Architectural simulation research helps in streamlining terminal user penchants and impacts by act uponing proper design deductions such as: Analysis of air pollutant scattering is identified utilizing atmospheric scattering mold in edifice industry ; Design of Noise barriers to consequence roadway noise extenuation is besides one of these attacks ; It mitiga tes the backgrounds of acoustical mistakes in a design ; Weather prediction is besides a part of simulations in today’s practical universe ; The information and about accurate anticipations of conditions and clime are made with the aid of put to deathing simulation placing techniques in certain instruments to retain the value of climate feature of a topographic point ; Live Forecasting of monetary values on fiscal markets and stock markets is an intimal extent of simulations in engineering ; Behavior of constructions [ such as edifices and industrial parts ] under emphasis and other conditions are besides estimated via simulations ; This phenomenon is utile in set abouting the stableness confidence of a construction ; Designs of industrial procedures, such as chemical processing workss are possible due to it ; Strategic Management and Organizational Studies are managed decently by these procedures ; Urban Simulation Models that simulate dynamic forms of urban development and responses to urban land usage and transit policies ; Traffic technology utilizes it to be after or redesign parts of the street web from individual junctions over metropoliss to a national main road web, for transit system planning, design and operations ; Modeling edifices clangs to prove safety mechanisms in new edifice theoretical accounts is an alien end product of the simulation oriented technological promotion. MentionsFraser, M. [ 2013 ] . Design Research in Architecture an Overview. London: Ashgate.Groat, L. N. , & A ; Wang, D. [ 2013 ] . Architectural Research Methods, 2nd Edition. Wiley.Hughes, R. , & A ; Tanna, S. [ 2013 ] . Specifications of GPST Stage 3: Written and Simulation Exercises. Jp Medical Ltd.Lin, L. H. [ 2011 ] . Specifications of Advanced Research on Computer Education, Simulation and Modeling. Springer.Marans, D. S. [ 2013 ] . Specifications of Environmental Simulation: Research and Policy Issues. Springer Us.Sharma, S. C. [ 2006 ] . Specifications of Operation Research: Simulation and Replacement Theory, Discovery Publishing House.

Dolphins Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Dolphins - Essay Example Another factor was that pent-up consumer spending from the Great Depression and war exploded into a period of economic dynamism that propelled American hegemony. 2. The Bretton Woods System is a landmark contribution to the world economy. In the mid-20th century this system worked as a means of establishing the rules and financial regulations for the world’s major industrialized countries. Major independent nations met in Bretton Woods in 1944 and agreed to establish a number of major institutions. Among these institutions are the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) (Boyer). The system required world nations to adopt a exchange rate that tied their currency to the US dollar, allowing the IMF the ability to correct transitory payment imbalances. 3. 1968-1971 witnessed the decline of Bretton Woods System. The decline of the Bretton Woods System was greatly linked to United States currency policy changes. While during the establishment of Bretton Woods the United States had been the unchallenged hegemonic power, by the late 1960s Japan and Europe had both gained considerable economic clout. Another factor was that the Vietnam and Cold War increasingly made the United States position as the world’s central banker untenable (Boyer). In the early 1970s the United States went off the gold standard in what has been termed the Nixon Shock, effectively ending this early period of Bretton Woods. 4. 1968 experienced worldwide revolutions that posed significant challenges to modern capitalism and communism. In large part the children of this era grew up in an environment where they had ready access to television with global reach. The ability to look into foreign nations engendered an environment of self-reflexivity and the 1968 protests were the incarnation of these changing perspectives (Boyer). Both capitalist and communist nations experienced these protests. While not

Quatitative Data Anaylsis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Quatitative Data Anaylsis - Research Paper Example The study type would be quantitative; the researcher will circulate a questionnaire to gather data on the tested variables. This primarily is a correlation study, since the researcher is interested in discerning the important variables associated with the phenomenon. The researcher will conduct this study in a non-contrived setting because the researcher is interested in assess the working of these variables in a natural setting. Moreover, this type of study can be classified as a field study as the researcher will have to visit the organizations in order to understand the working of these variables. The survey tool used is a questionnaire that was developed by another researcher by the name of Bass (Obiwuru, Okuw, Akpa, and Nwankwere, 2011). Variables: Independent Variables: Transformational Leadership: this type of leadership evokes underlying emotions about work in the employees and motivates them to go beyond their current level of work. Transactional leadership: this type of lea dership considers reward as an appropriate return for a certain piece of work from the employees. Dependent Variables: Employee extra effort Employee work satisfaction and effectiveness Employee productivity and loyalty. Hypothesis: Ho: there is no relationship between leadership style and organizational performance of small enterprises. Ha: there is a relationship between leadership style and organizational performance of small enterprises. ... Tool used to measure the independent variable: In this research, the researcher made use of E-views software to understand the relationship of independent and dependent variables. The data collected was coded in order to enter the stats into the statistical software. Statistical Assumptions of Regression Analysis: The reason behind the use of this tool is to make a model of the variables of the study and analyze the changes that happen in a dependent variable when one of the independent variable changes. Linear regression also finds its utility when a researcher wants to use a predictive model to analyze an observed data set. Also a regression analysis is used when a researcher is up against a data that is linear, has a weak exogeneity, constant variance, and lack multi-co linearity. Statistical Results of the hypothesis: Transactional leadership Style: Coefficient of determination=R2 = 0.486445 F-Test= 1.8944 Transformational leadership Style: Coefficient of determination=R2 = 0.968 929 F-Test= 109.144 Characteristics of the data: The data collected through the questionnaire is quantitative figures. Since each variable was ascribed a code after incorporating it in the questionnaire, therefore this data collect is in coded form and behind every code is a variable. Once data gets arranged in a tabular form, the codes are decoded and actual variables are substituted in their place to reveal the true nature of the relationship. Appropriateness of the Statistical procedure: Since the data collect has multiple variables behind it, which are defining the relationship between independent and dependent variable, therefore it is important to see the collective impact of these variables. So a multiple

Health information Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Health information - Assignment Example Which of the Patients’ Bill of Rights afforded under Title II of HIPAA did Sally violate? Sally violated the rights of John as she was supposed to call him on his personal number that he had recorded in the health information form. Again, she ought to have ensured that she delivered the message to the right person and in that case John. It is inappropriate for Sally to inform Holly of any information relating to the period when the work release form is available. It is due to the fact that Holly should be contacted only in cases of emergency and not her contacting the healthcare facility. Giving the patient’s information without his authority would amount to lack of consideration of the autonomy principle. John was involved in an automobile accident and was taken to the Emergency Department byambulance for treatment. The physician in the ED contacted Dr. Moodey’s office for information regarding John’s health as he was unconscious and unable to give a medical history. Dr. Moodey’s office was not able to contact Holly. In cases of emergency where Holly is unavailable, there is the secondary option that serves as John’s brother. Valez is the person that the hospital needs to contact as the patient provides authorization to contact him as his second option during emergency cases. Match the procedural step for the HIPAA rules in regards to privacy/release of information to the purpose of the procedural step. (pg. 291) Type the letter from the Procedural Steps in the blank to the left of the

Ardley, Neil et al. Music Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ardley, Neil et al. Music - Essay Example On audience participation, the performers gave signs to the audience to join them especially at the chorus part of the song. This they achieved by signaling their audience using their hands to join along, or by turning the microphone towards the audience(Ardley et al, 82.). The audience in turn picked up the meaning of the gestures and sang along. At times they would simply tell the audience to sing along which they did. When introducing a new song to the audience, the group first taught the audience the song lyrics and rhythm before singing it. They would then start by singing the song in a slow tempo, and increased it gradually as the audience learned the song better. The 2014 One Direction documentary Where we are talks about the rise of the One Direction from the X factor all the way to the San Siro stadium performance which was one of their peak moments in their music career. This documentary reveals to us what it took to make this music group successful. They relate their success to their audience. In this documentary they talk about planning on their shows prior to performance, and proper rehearsals to get used to the performance and prevent any awkward situations while on stage.

Learning Strategies Rely Heavily on Employee Involvement Essay

Learning Strategies Rely Heavily on Employee Involvement - Essay Example The generally practiced HR policies of Equipos included regular training, communication, setting of lucid and consistent objectives, high wages, acknowledgment for accomplishments, team works, flat organization structure, in addition to a learning-oriented organizational culture. These factors motivated the employees to perform and adhere to the management practices, which enabled Equipos to develop into a learning organization. Contribution This study can be beneficial for comprehending how in spite of cultural differences between the parent company and the subsidiary, the organization can efficiently accomplish its business strategies with the help of its employees’ participation by motivating them. Keywords Motivation, Culture, Employee Participation, HR Practices, Management Practices. Table of Contents Abstract 2 Introduction 5 Discussion 6 Conclusion 12 References 13 Introduction The modern day organizations are striving hard to sustain their market position in the preva lent competitive business circumstances and gain a competitive advantage over their peers. In doing so, a large number of business organizations are shifting their orientation towards management approaches that encourage organizational learning. It had been observed that multinational corporations (MNCs) that are focused towards global learning have attained competitiveness and agility to handle the escalating intricacies of the global business environment (Bartlett & Ghoshal, 1989). However, when the MNCs employ learning approaches in their subsidiaries that are located in foreign lands, it is important for these MNCs to comprehend the issues that could impact the execution of various management practices that assist learning. Some of the major issues that could impact the execution of the management practices are difference in culture, and other environmental aspects such as socioeconomic, political, educational, and legal issues (Adler, 1997; Farmer & Richman, 1970; Negandhi & Pr asad, 1971). Hence, while spreading the learning practices to their subsidiaries, it is essential for the management of the MNCs to recognize the extent to which miscellaneous issues together with, but not restricted to the domestic cultural principles, have an effect on the transferability of diverse management practices. Managers should be aware of what issues might aid the accomplishment of learning strategies that initially seem to be contrary and mismatched with the culture of a nation. Gomez (2004:3) had stated that â€Å"Learning strategies rely heavily on employee involvement†. Gomez (2004) had stated so in his article, where he discussed the case of an American MNC and its Mexican subsidiary ‘Equipos’. Equipos had effectively taken up the attributes of a learning organization from its US based parent organization. This is in contrast to the widely perceived notion that the employee participation and other management practices that are related to a learni ng strategy are generally incompatible in the cross-cultural context. The paper essentially accentuates on how the employees were encouraged to involve themselves in the learning organisation atmosphere of Equipos. In the process of discussing the strategies employed by the management of Equipos, the paper also draws on the theories of motivation as well as cross-culture. Discussion It is

Examine how human relations plays an important role in the way in Essay - 1

Examine how human relations plays an important role in the way in which accounting information is used in organizations - Essay Example on the realization that "workers want to feel part of a team with socially supportive relationships and to grow and develop, where motivation, communication, employee participation, and leadership are significant issues" (Kaplan, 1998). The Accounting researchers have adopted traditional and emergent theories, the objective of which is to offer diversified insights and review of the organizational phenomena. The traditional and emergent theories related to the accounting research have been responsible for the "increase in knowledge and understanding about a phenomenon" (Carpenter, 2001). The theories have conceptualized the reality as physical structure, and people have been regarded as "adapters, responders, and information processors to achieve efficiency and the goal of an organization" (Zahirul, 2006). The Accounting Control System is aimed at achieving minimum cost and efficient operations, for this purpose the researchers have relied upon "an arms-length research method – statistically categorizes key variables and then attempts to retrieve meaning by ex post facto interpretations of tests of significance" (Kaplan, 1998). The Accounting researchers have adopted principles of rational choice theory and have expressed certain behavioral response through incentive supported by the implication of the decisions. In this context, the human relations factor have played crucial role for the assessment of the organizational process. The implications of the human relation theories have deterred the management accounting practices (Burchell, 2003). The human relation is regarded as the multidimensional "as this approach placed emphasis on the individual and the organization, motivation, supervisory and management leadership, group dynamics, and organizational development" (Carpenter, 2001). Douglas McGregor proposed Theory X and Theory Y, as per which the human relations is not applicable at organizations "with management’s autocratic approach with supporting

Pros and Cons of Religious Discrimination in the Workplace Research Paper

Pros and Cons of Religious Discrimination in the Workplace - Research Paper Example It is evident from the study that despite the unlawfulness of religious discrimination, it still however exists even in the United States. The number of complaints againt religious discrimination is even on the rise. The agency tasked to oversee labor practices in the United States, Equal Employment Opportunity Commission reported that religious discrimination in the workplace settings have more than doubled â€Å"from a little over a decade ago, resulting in roughly $10 million in settlements. Last year, nearly 3,800 were filed†. Despite the startling figure on how much it costs for companies to continue their discriminatory practices against religion, its end cannot yet be seen in the near future. Much of this discrimination cases against religion were against the Muslims. The disadvantage of religious discrimination is not only in the cost associated with settlements when a case is filed against the company. The biggest cost that is incurred against the company in this disc riminatory story is the one that cannot be easily counted which is lost productivity due to the dampened morale of employee or employees because of discriminatory practice. The court settlement and its associated costs during the litigation can easily be monitored by its receipts but opportunities lost had the worker or workers been motivated to work are not easily quantifiable. Religious discrimination is pernicious and is highly resented especially in America where practice that infringes on individual’s freedom is highly frowned upon.... This will translate to the markets negative perception of its stock, thus, it will follow that its stock price will decline due to the negative perception of the market. When that happens, returns to the shareholders will also decline. Thus, the evil cycle will begin with shareholders leaving the company aggravating the already negative perception on the company. In the end, the company may even go bankrupt just because of the market’s negative perception of the company with its labor practice. The general patronizing public will also tend to view the product of a company which practices religious discrimination negatively. When nobody is buying or availing a company’s product or services, it will naturally follow that the company will eventually fold. This only stresses the importance of a company to veer away from any form of discrimination be it religious or any form of discrimination such as race because it will affect their ethical practice which is critical in to Corporate Responsible Management (CRM) (Ellet 89) that will have a direct impact on the market perception on the company (Fischer et al 830). Corporate Responsible Management is important because it could determine how the general patronizing public and its shareholders will receive the company which is crucial in its viability as a company. Another obvious disadvantage of practicing religious discrimination is complication with the authorities. The government is very sensitive and particular against the practice of discrimination. Even if the company will not file a case, the government will file the case against the company if it believes that a company is guilty of

The Things They Carried by Tim OBrien Essay Example for Free

The Things They Carried by Tim OBrien Essay Tim OBrien, author and veteran, covers several multiple in his novel The Things They Carried. The book bases itself on the psychological strain caused by the stress and conflicting interests in the war. OBrien wants us to see what hes afraid to look back at. Story truth is his way of facing the confronting the past and admitting his responsibility in it. OBrien tells his stories from a constant gush of memories. Emotions and morals are among the more evident themes covered in the novel. Pain, embarrassment, love, hate, loneliness, frustration, isolation, bravery, and struggles with morality. All of these, and combinations of these are religiously covered in the book. Though people not involved in a war could never even begin to understand, not even an ounce of what happened; OBrien uses these themes and emotions to help describe the crude and passionate feelings that the veterans felt throughout the war. Pain is one of the better know feelings about Vietnam. It still affects many Vietnam War veterans in many forms. Even though the war ended over 25 years ago, OBrien shows that the trauma associated with the war has had mental and physical effects on the soldiers since the war has passed. Because of this pain, it only makes sense that OBrien illustrates and reflects on the pains he and others felt during the war. Pain is caused by so many of the emotions used in this book, that it becomes difficult not to realize its significance in the book. The guilt caused by killing a man, even though he would have killed you. The mental torment felt when watching your comrade being scraped off of a tree. They were just goofing. There was a noise, I suppose, which mustve been the detonator, so I glanced behind me and watched Lemon step from the shade into bright sunlight. His face was suddenly brown and shining. A handsome kid, really. Sharp gray eyes, lean and narrow-waisted, and when he died it was almost beautiful, the way the sunlight came around him and lifted him up and sucked him high into a tree full of moss and vines and white blossoms. (OBrien p.70). These are the types of pains that can only be understood by having felt them yourself, the type of pain that lives deep within you forever, whether you want to remember it or not. Embarrassment was probably one of the more hidden feelings in the war. In the  chapter titled On the Rainy River, OBrien tells of something so deeply embarrassing, that he was too ashamed to tell even his closest friends, and family. He, being an anti-war individual at the time, would rationally have been opposed to fighting for a cause he didnt believe in. He ran. Running was a popular choice for those who were opposed to, or just scared of, war. At some point in mid-July I began thinking seriously about Canada. The border lay a few hundred miles north, and eight-hour drive. Both my conscience and my instincts were telling me to make a break for it, just take off and run like hell and never stop.(OBrien p.44). In the book he fled to the border, but stopped to rest before he crossed. His rest was the duration of six days. He was in a continuous battle with his conscience. He thought of his parents, the shame they would be faced with because of their sons weakness. He could hear his townspeople and peers mocking him. He couldnt risk the embarrassment. He submitted. I would go to war-I would kill any maybe did-because I was too embarrassed not too.(OBrien p.59.). The emotion considered by many to be the strongest of all emotions, was the focus, and title of the second chapter. Love tells of a young lieutenant, and the object of his affection, a girl from his hometown, Martha. Among the things in which Lieutenant Cross humped were two photographs, a good luck pebble, and letters from Martha. Lieutenant Cross kept to himself. He pictured Marthas smooth young face, thinking he loved her more than anything, more than his men, and now Ted Lavender was dead because he loved her so much and could not stop thinking about her.(OBrien p.7). When emotions like love make you think more of home, and less of the war, mistakes are inevitable; they simply affect your ability to work. Lieutenant Cross found this out the hard way. He burned Marthas pictures and letters. He would have to carry the burden of his mistakes, regret. A struggle with ones morality could be expected for any man. It all came down to one question. Am I willing to kill another man? Should I kill and live with the heavy guilt and burden on my conscience, or perish knowing the consequences youd be faced with would be worse. OBrien made a choice, he chose to live, and kill, and kill he did. In the chapter The Man I Killed OBrien reminisces over this experience. His jaw was in his throat, his  upper lip and teeth were gone, his one eye was shut, his other eye was a star-shaped hole, his eyebrows were thin and arched like a womans, his nose was undamaged, there was a slight tear at the lobe of one ear, his clean black hair was swept upward into a cowlick at the rear of the skull, his forehead was lightly freckled, his fingernails were clean, the skin at his left cheek was peeled back in three ragged strips, his right cheek was smooth and hairless, there was a butterfly on his chin, his neck was open to the spinal cord and the blood there was thick and shiny and it was this wound that had killed him.(OBrien p.124). Following his experience, he imagined what the mans life had been like before this. His memories created an existence for whom he killed. Memories are what kept them alive. He is astounded by what he has done, by what he had been forced to do. This novel, summarized, is about a young soldier who is overwhelmed by emotions and feelings about a war he wants nothing to do with. It conveys nearly every emotion that one can experience. It is because of these themes that people can even begin to understand what those living the war felt. As with most other veterans, OBrien experienced a loss so great, a burden so heavy, it is almost impossible to carry, but carry they did. They carried the burden of murders, the embarrassment of running, the bodies of their friends, and the memories that would haunt them for a lifetime. For these veterans the war will never end. Bonn, Maria S., Can Stories Save Us? Tim OBrien and the Efficacy of the Text, in Critique: Studies in Contemporary Fiction, Vol. 36, No. 1, Fall, 1994, pp. 2-14. Harris, Robert R., Too Embarrassed Not to Kill: A review of The Things They Carried, in New York Times Book Review, March 11, 1990, p. 8.

Culture and Politics in Fascist Italy Essay Example for Free

Culture and Politics in Fascist Italy Essay In The Patron State: Culture and Politics in Fascist Italy, Maria Susan Stone discusses the cultural policy-making under Mussolini’s regime in Italy from 1922 to 1943. Specifically, she has provided a detailed study of two of the most popular showpieces of public culture during the fascist regime: the reconstituted Venice Biennale and the 1932 Exhibition of the Fascist Revolution. Stone asserts that the cultural politics that happened during the fascist regime in Italy was developed in three stages. The first stage (from 1925-30) was when the Fascists worked with the established institutions of high culture. It was during this stage that the regime discovered that it could not officially sanction any one style or movement. Stone also described this stage as the time when the Fascists dealt with the social elites. The second stage (from 1931-36) was the period when they used patronage and experimentation in an effort to shape cultural institutions according to their specifications. This is also the period when the Fascists increasingly gained support from the mass. They achieved this by moving away from supporting traditional events aimed for social elites and supporting events aimed at the masses instead. And finally, the third stage (from 1937-43), was when they adopted a more coercive set of methods. Through flexible policy of taste and patronage, the Fascists were able to win the consent of artists and draw supporters from the higher class to the masses. The role and use of mass culture during the Fascist regime have always fascinated historians for the past thirty years. Stone had added to the vast researches by other prominent historians such as Walter Adamson, Philip Cannistraro, and Umberto Silva on the same topic but on a new perspective. Work Cited: Stone, Maria Susan. The Patron State: Culture and Politics in Fascist Italy. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1998

The South China Sea Dispute

The South China Sea Dispute On 26 May and 9 June 2011, just before and after the Shangri La Dialogue in Singapore, in which China emphasized its commitment of maintaining peace and stability in South China Sea, Chinese fishery patrol ships cut seismometer cables of Vietnams Binh Minh 02 and Viking 02 oil exploration vessels within Vietnams Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ), triggering a series of public demonstrations in Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh city. Vietnamese accused China of systematic action that is aimed at turning the undisputed area belonging to Vietnam into an area under dispute in order to materialize Chinas nine-dotted line claim in the East Sea  [2]  . China responded to the complaint and protests by warning that any exploration in the vicinity of the disputed Spratly islands without its consent was a violation of its jurisdiction and sovereignty.  [3]   The incident is just another evidence for the increasing tension in the Sino-Vietnamese relations over the South China Sea dispute which has become a hot spot. The complex dispute is not only about the potential natural resources or strategic locations of the area, but most importantly the territorial sovereignty. In this dispute, Vietnam faces a challenging dilemma: how to maintain and develop the strategic bilateral ties with China and settle the dispute in favor of its national interest at the same time? Tracing the concerns of Vietnam, an overview of the dispute will be provided in the first section before it comes to the policy discussion in the second section, in which six possible options are put forward: (1) Multilateralize the dispute through ASEAN forum; (2) Internationalize the dispute by involving outside major powers; (3) Resort to the international law of the sea and international arbitration; (4) Build up self-reliance; (5) Go for joint management of overlapped resourc es; (6) Cooperate and struggle bilaterally and multilaterally. The paper concludes with recommendation of a comprehension approach which is cooperating and struggling bilaterally and multilaterally (policy option 6). II. OVERVIEW OF THE SOUTH CHINA SEA DISPUTE BETWEEN VIETNAM AND CHINA 1. The significance of the South China Sea The South China Sea is a part of the Pacific Ocean which encompasses a large area of about 3,500,000 square kilometers, spreading from Singapore and the Strait of Malacca to the Strait of Taiwan. It comprises more than 200 small islands, reefs, and cays, most of which are inhabited. The two largest archipelagoes are the Paracel islands which covers an area of about 15,000 square kilometers with about 30 islets and reefs, and the Spratly islands which stretches over an area of 180,000 square kilometers with more than 100 features.  [4]  It is widely acknowledged that the South China Sea, especially the two largest archipelagoes, has a great importance in terms of geo-politics as well as geo-economics because of its strategic location as a busy passageway for about one third of worlds ships and presumed rich natural resources, especially oil and gas, underneath.  [5]   2. The South China Sea Dispute Apart from Vietnam and China, the South China Sea dispute involves four other disputants, the Philippines, Malaysia, Brunei and Taiwan. All disputants except Brunei occupy certain area. Vietnam occupies 21 islands, the Philippines, eight, China, seven, Malaysia, five and Taiwan, one.  [6]  All claims are made based on different historical rights, colonial inheritance, territorial and legal grounds, including overlapping and competing claims over either maritime zone or sovereignty over islands. The Philippines refers to the principle of discovery of unclaimed territories and claims sovereignty over Kalayaan archipelago which comprises eight islands in the Spratly archipelago  [7]  . Brunei and Malaysia make advantage of legal bases given by the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS or Convention) to assert their sovereignty rights over reefs for Brunei and islands in the southern Spratly for Malaysia. Taiwan, based on historical ground, claims its right over the Pratas island which used to be occupied by China. China claims are based on the so-called nine-dotted U-shape line which first appeared in a map published in 1948 in a private publication in China and encompasses about 80 percent of the South China Sea, including the Paracel and the Spartly islands. Despite China claims its sovereignty over this area, giving that it has historical rights to do so because the Han dynasty in the second century used it as the navigation route,  [8]  it has never officially declared and ignored calls to clarify if it also claims to the rights over maritime space enclosed which is far beyond 12 nautical miles from the disputed islands and includes EEZ and continental shelves that overlaps the continental shelves of other claimants as stipulated in the 1982 UNCLOS.  [9]  While the authenticity of Chinas historical rights to sovereignty over the area as well as its claim over the maritime water remains unclear, China opposes any activities by other claimants within this U-shape line. Vietnam makes reference to historical data, effective occupation, colonial inheritance and legal ground to claim its sovereignty over the Paracel and the Spratly islands as well as more than 200 nautical miles of continental rights as stipulated in the 1982 UNCLOS. It has cited a number of credible documents and maps to prove its occupation and sovereignty exercise over the islands since at least the Le dynasty in the 15th century, throughout the French colonial time until 1974, when China used force to seize the Paracel, killing 53 Vietnamese soldiers  [10]  and 1988, when the two sides clashed again in the Spartly islands, Vietnam lost 7 islands to China and 64 Vietnamese soldiers were killed.  [11]  The Paracel and 7 lost islands in the Spratly islands were placed under the jurisdiction of Hainan Province. Below are some recent developments that provide a snapshot of the increasing tension between the two countries over the dispute: In May 2009, Vietnam and Malaysia submitted a joint report on territorial claims in the South China Sea to the UN Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf. In response, China submitted its U-shape line map.  [12]   On 26 May and 9 June 2011, China ship cut the cables of two Vietnamese oil explorations vessels, ramping up the public protests in Vietnam. China detains and seizes hundreds of Vietnamese fishermen every year, accusing them of violating its unilateral fishing ban. On 22 February 2012, Vietnam accused China of shooting and damaging a Vietnamese fishing boat near the Paracel. On 3 March 2012, China detained 21 Vietnamese fishermen and their two boats in waters near the Paracel and demanded each boat $11,000. Vietnam strongly protested against the requests  [13]  . On 15 June 2012, Vietnam conducted a military air patrol over the Spratly islands and then announced regular air patrol practice. In response, on 28 June 2012, China also commenced regular air patrol to the Spratly islands.  [14]   China warns and threatens foreign companies for joint oil exploration activities with Vietnam in the overlapping area while offering oil blocks to its foreign partners. On 23 June 2012, China offered nine blocks located within Vietnams 200 nautical miles EEZ to foreign operators. Vietnam condemned Chinas illegal offer and requested China to cease the bidding.  [15]   On 21 June 2012, Vietnam passed the Law of the Sea of Vietnam restating its claims over the Paracel and Spratlly islands. In a tit-for-tat response, China immediately announced the establishment of prefecture-level Sansha City (officially created on 24 July 2012) to administer the disputed islands and surrounding waters as well as the establishment of a military base (officially created on 19 July 2012) in the City. Vietnam condemned the establishment of Sansha City, stating that it violated international law, seriously violating Vietnam sovereignty over the Paracel and Spratly archipelagoes.  [16]   The above developments indicate an action-reaction cycle with escalating strains in the South China Sea which makes it difficult to reach a solution acceptable by the both sides. The following section will discuss several policy options for Vietnam to settle the South China Sea dispute with China. III. POLICY OPTIONS 1. Multilateralize the dispute through ASEAN forum This option implies that Vietnam should continue to highlight the issue in ASEAN; emphasize the impacts of the dispute on the regional stability and peace in order to forge a united front to persuade China to solve the issue peacefully and multilaterally.  [17]   ASEAN comprises four out of six claimants, thus it is the most important platform for claimants to meet, discuss and seek for available solutions. The body achieved some success in building mutual trust and confidence between ASEAN claimants and China. Some evidences are the 1992 Declaration on the South China Sea, the 2002 Declaration on the Conduct of Parties (DOC) and the 2011 Guidelines to Implement the DOC in which stated that the dispute should be solved by peaceful means, through friendly consultations and negotiations by sovereign states directly concerned. These documents, however, have no legal force. Therefore, ASEAN and China have also agreed in principle that a more binding Code of Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea (COC) needs to be quickly completed and adopted. Yet the ASEANs effectiveness in solving the dispute is being questioned. As mentioned, the DOC was just a political statement with no legal binding requirement. China agreed to discuss the COC at an appropriate timing but has never stated when an appropriate timing is.  [18]  Most importantly, divisions between member states, stemming from different perspectives on the South China Sea and differences in the value each member places on their relations with China, have prevented ASEAN from coming to a consensus on the issue.  [19]  On one side, claimants might share the same stand towards China but none of them is willing to compromise with other claimants over the sovereignty issue. On the other side, non-claimants ASEAN members value the relations with China which are believed to be affected if they are pulled into any undesirable conflict with China. The recent failure of ASEAN in bringing forward a joint statement at the July 2012 Foreign Ministers Meeting in Phnom Penh due to the divergence in attitudes towards the dispute is a clear evidence for this internal ASEAN clash. This also indicates Chinas influence over other ASEAN members, Cambodia as ASEAN Chair in this case, to maintain its interests. Even if Vietnam, through its lobby efforts to pull ASEAN claimants and non-claimants together, it is still difficult to reach a solution since China insists on its bilateral negotiation strategy of treat each case differently, and defeat each one separately.  [20]   2. Internationalize the dispute by involving outside major powers This option suggests that Vietnam should deepen its multifaceted relations, including economic, diplomatic and military cooperation, with outside powers who have interests in the South China Sea; emphasize the importance of the peace and stability of South China Sea towards their interests in order to encourage a common effort of navigating Chinas assertive claims and actions in the region. Over the past years, Vietnam has had some success in expanding and strengthening its relations with major powers through a wide range of cooperation, including regular military visits, military technology and weapons exchanges and joint energy exploration. For example, to deepen relations with the U.S who has the largest economic interests in the South China Sea with $1.2 trillion out of $5.3 trillion of total trade passes, Vietnam has facilitated joint rescue exercise with the U.S army, allowed U.S warship to access the military Carm Ranh Bay for the first time since the end of the Vietnam War  [21]  , offered gas and oil block in Vietnams EEZ to the U.S ExxonMobil oil company, etc. This results in a stronger stake of the U.S in the disputed area. At the 2010 Shangri La Dialogue in Singapore, the then U.S Defense Secretary Robert Gates expressed U.S interests in Vietnams offshore oil exploration and declared that the U.S opposes to any effort to intimidate U.S corporations or th ose of any nation engaged in legitimate economic activity  [22]  . At the 2010 ASEAN Regional Forum in Hanoi, U.S. Secretary Hillary Clinton declared that the United States has a national interest in freedom of navigation, open access to Asias maritime commons and respect for international law in the South China Sea and called for a collaborative diplomatic process by all claimants for resolving the various territorial disputes. Apart from the U.S, Vietnam has been trying to boost relations with other major powers. For instance, in September 2011, Vietnam was successful to reach an agreement on joint exploration with India. Vietnam has also supported activities of Russian energy company Gazprom in joint oil exploration projects in Vietnams maritime waters. Besides, during 2009 alone, Vietnam bought from Russia six Kilo-grass submarines and 12 Su-30MKK fighters, becoming one of top weapon importers of Russia  [23]  . The growing relationship with major powers as well as incre asing involvement of these major powers in the disputed area does help to increase Vietnams leverage to China in the South China Sea dispute. Now China made efforts to further engage Vietnam through party-to-party talks and keep their disagreements behind closed door.  [24]   However, Vietnam should stay aware that strong alignments with major powers to balance too aggressively against China would irritate China and lead to subsequent negative economic and political consequences. Meanwhile, Vietnam cannot outright rely on any major powers because these countries have their own priorities and their consistent longstanding position in the South China Sea is neutrality. In other words, they might be willing to sacrifice the relation with Vietnam if it conflicts with their priority interests. Vietnam should never get too close to any powers but better to maintain limited alignments to just keep China in check. 3. Resort to the international law of the sea and international arbitration This option recommends that Vietnam should resort to the international frameworks to solve the dispute, that is, Vietnam should present evidences of its sovereignty rights over the Paracel and Spratly islands, which abides by the 1982 UNCLOS, to the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea in order to gain international support and acknowledgment of Vietnams facts on the ground while at the same time putting pressure on China to clarify its claims and evidences. The 1982 UNCLOS is aimed to manage potential conflicts/disputes among countries over the rights to the worlds ocean. It holds valid legal title to sovereignty over their islands has exclusive right to exploit living and nonliving resources within 12 miles of their territorial sea and 200 miles beyond, known as the exclusive economic zone (EEZ).  [25]   Vietnam has ratified and abided by the 1982 UNCLOS since 1994. Its 2012 Law of the Sea, in which clarifying its territorial seas, EEZ and continental shelf, was also built on the provisions of the 1982 UNCLOS. Vietnam has also been providing its historical data showing that it has been exercising effective occupation of the islands for a long time. Recently, it introduced a 1904 Chinese official map which showed that the Paracel and Spratly islands were not belong to China  [26]  and received attention from international experts and community. Therefore, it is very likely that Vietnam will win over China if the case is sent to the international tribunal. China is also a participant of the UNCLOS (since 1996) but its interpretation of the Convention is controversial. China has never clarified its vague claim of historical rights of the area inside the U-shape line which is not suitable and so unlikely to be supported by the provisions of the law. It rejected the mechanism for international arbitration and adjudication provided by UNCLOS  [27]  and prefers bilateral negotiations with other claimants in which China will have more advantageous position. 4. Build up self-reliance This option proposes Vietnam to build up its internal economic and military capabilities to deter Chinas aggression by continuing reforming its economy and modernizing its military forces. Given that China used to use force to seize the Paracel and a part of the Spratly in the past as well as it has been developing its military strengths and being more assertive to claim its ownership over the islands, there could be a chance that China would use force again and/or use its overwhelming economic power to put pressure on Vietnam and other countries to give up on the issue. Being aware of Chinas threat, Vietnamese government has been developing its internal strengths, both economic and military inclusive, especially military capability. Compared to 2003, Vietnams military spending has been increased by 83% in 2012  [28]  , in which mostly is invested in developing naval and air forces; a large amount of budget has been spent on weapons purchase. Vietnam is currently one of the top importers of Russias weapons  [29]  . It is also persuading the U.S to lift the ban on lethal weapons so that it could purchase more U.S weapons and modernize military.  [30]  Pessimists believe that despite economic and military strengthening efforts, Vietnam can never outweigh China in economy and military power but still under Chinas influence. Economically, China is the largest economic partner of Vietnam with expected two-way trade of $60 billion in 2015; Chinese products currently account 60% imports of Vietnam  [31]  . Militarily, Vietnams 2012 military budget is $3.3 billion while Chinas is $106.4 billion  [32]  . However, these economic and military strengthening efforts still deserve a try because if conflict is the case, it will impose certain costs on China and so deter Chinas aggressive actions. 5. Go for joint management of overlapped resources This option implies Vietnams possible consideration of joint management of resources at areas where claims are overlapped with China. This means both sides have to reach a consensus over the measure of maritime space surrounding each island, regardless of ownership, and then agree to jointly administer the overlapped claimed area outside the maritime space. This differs from the early 1990s proposal of shelving disputes and going for joint development by the late Chinese leader Deng Xiaoping in which China ignored the possibility of joint development in the Paracel while proposing a joint management with Vietnam in the West Vanguard Bank Basin locating in Vietnams maritime waters.  [33]   Obstacles to this attempt of joint management is that China claims much of the South China Sea, including most of the Vietnams islands and asserts its rights to unilaterally benefit from the resources while Vietnam is also strong in its position of sovereignty rights over these islands. Both sides have condemned each other of exploring and exploiting natural resources, mainly fish and gas-oil, within their maritime waters. China consistently challenged foreign oil companies having joint exploration activities with Vietnam and warned them of unspecified consequences in their business dealings with China. This uncompromising attitude by the both sides, especially by China, makes it impossible for a consensus to be reached on measuring the overlapped area which is not really belongs to any party. 6. Policy Recommendation: Cooperate and struggle bilaterally and multilaterally Vietnam should consider a comprehensive approach that provides it with flexibility and effectiveness in dealing with China. This option is, therefore, recommended because it develops a comprehensive approach by taking into account of both bilateral and multilateral cooperation and struggle, considering the special characteristics of the Sino-Vietnamese relationship: Deepen the multifaceted bilateral relationship with China through different networks of Party-to-Party, Government-to-Government, and People-to-People, especially Party-to-Party channel. History shows that the special relation between the two communist parties enables the two sides to repair their bilateral relations fast after serious incidents. For example, strains in the Vietnam-China relations after the May and June 2011 events was significantly reduced after the visit to China by Vietnam Communist Party General Secretary Nguyen Phu Trong in October 2011 when the two sides agreed on the six basic principles in settlement of the dispute, emphasizing the importance of negotiations and friendly consultations.  [34]   Encourage ASEAN unity as a primary multilateral platform to counter Chinas assertiveness. ASEAN has certain setbacks but it cannot be denied that through DOC and other cooperation mechanisms such as ARF, FTA, ASEAN has some significant success in building mutual confidence and developing mutual interests with China. Of course, as analyzed, it is tough to forge a united and effective stance among ASEAN members; however, common interests of peace, free navigation and other legal interests under the 1982 UNCLO could be driving forces to make this more likely to happen. Deepen ties with major powers. Direct interests of maintaining free navigation in the South China Sea are motivations for these powers to align with ASEAN and Vietnam to balance against Chinas aggression. The depth and durability of commitment by these major powers, however, might be doubted because they also have their own priorities. Therefore, Vietnam should not outright rely on the outside powers to outright balance against China, but maintain a safety distance from either side and at the same time build up its capacity for self-reliance. Well prepare and announce sufficient historical and legal data to prove Vietnams sovereignty rights over the Paracel and Spartly islands; mobilize media, including social media, to effectively involve in the issue by providing transparent and correct information in order to make Chinese people and international community to understand correctly about the situation, urge the world to support Vietnam and impose pressure on China to clarify its claims. III. CONCLUSION The South China Sea dispute between Vietnam and China has become more and more sensitive and complicated because both countries are so strong in their own positions in the dispute that no one is willing to compromise their rights over the Paracel and Spratly islands a convergence of geo-politics and geo-economics. Vietnam has more credible historical and legal data to prove its sovereignty rights over the islands but the strategic significance of China to Vietnam and Chinas assertiveness put Vietnam in a policy dilemma between developing the strategic bilateral relationship and struggling to win over China in the dispute. To reduce tensions, Vietnam should have a comprehensive approach, that is, boosting bilateral ties while seeking ways to balance against China at the same time, internally or externally. In this connection, this paper recommends Vietnam to simultaneously (i) deepen its multifaceted relationship with China through Party-to-Party, Government-to-Government and People- to-People channels; (ii) continue to take advantage of ASEAN as a primary platform to counter Chinas claims; (iii) develop ties with major powers while not forget to build up self-reliance; and (iv) make public all evidence to prove Vietnams sovereignty rights to the Paracel and Spratly island in order to gain support from international community and put pressure on China to clarify its claims and deter its aggressive actions. However, it should be acknowledged that since the core of the South China Sea dispute is the territorial sovereignty that involved claimants will never want to compromise, it might too sensitive and complex for a feasible solution to thoroughly settle the dispute in a foreseeable future.

Owney Madden :: essays research papers

for so many years. It was wasting away, but the Don Corleone from the UK would do everything he could to establish a name for himself, through a life filled with luck and crime. Liverpool, England, the birth to British and American Rock sensation, The beatles, was also the birthplace of one of the world’s most notorious killer. It was in Liverpool, England, 1892, that Owney Madden was born. However, only in 1903, did he and his family emigrate to New York and settle in the slums of Manhattan's Hell's Kitchen. At an early age, Owney joined the Gophers and despite his light build, he was renowned as a tough and crazy gangster. He was a crack shot with a pistol and he used his trademark weapon, a lead pipe concealed in a rolled-up newspaper, to great effect. He was nicknamed "Killer Madden" at the age of 17 because by that time he already had two murders under his belt. Many more would follow. Madden moved out of his family's tenement apartment and rented a house with Tanner Smith. Smith had been leader of a relatively unsuccessful street gang known as the Marginal Gang, but became a Gopher when the Marginal split up. Soon after they moved into the house, neighbors began to complain about the all-night parties that the two gangsters held. Members of the Gophers would often come over and spend the night drinking, gambling and brawling at Owney and Tanner's. When the landlord threatened to throw them out, Madden asked "Mister, did you ever hear of Owney Madden?" The man replied that he had heard of him and Madden said: "Well Mister, I am Owney Madden." Apparently, that was enough to intimidate the owner of the house, but the neighbors continued to suffer from their entertainment and one night, a number of policemen arrived to break up a party. When he spotted them Madden shouted through a window: "We'll shoot the gizzard out of any cop that tries to come in here." True to his word, when the sergeant knocked on the door, Madden aimed his pistol through the window and killed him. The police retreated, waited for reinforcements and then stormed the house, handing out severe beatings to the gangsters they found inside. They never discovered which of the men fired the shot from the window and Madden, still a minor, was released the next day on a $500 bond.

Swann’s Way Essay -- Literary Analysis

Memory takes centre stage in this novel, which departs from the traditional Nineteenth Century novel in that the narrative does not follow one protagonist throughout. In ‘Swann’s Way’ the protagonist is Marcel, but Proust, a modernist writer uses ‘distancing’ to create â€Å"an art of multiplication with regard to the representation of person ... creating aesthetics of deception for the autobiographical novel.† (Nalbantian, 1997, p.63). Also Proust referred to his narrator as the one who says ‘I’ and who is not always me.†(ibid). Proust’s highly subjective approach to fiction suits his subject of memory recall and the author uses this extract to analysis the voluntary or consciousness and the involuntary or subconsciouses memories. Marcel discovers through experience that intellectualising does not allow memories to resurface but familiar daily domestic sensations do. It is the â€Å"all powerful joy† and â€Å"exquisite pleasure† (p.58) of this subconscious memory recall which Proust is celebrating. The tone of the text is dreamlike and almost ecstatic, emphasising the spiritual aspect of memories. Proust uses lyrical words such as â€Å"fluted scallop of a pilgrim’s head† (p.58) which echoes â€Å"the little scallop-shell of pastry, so richly sensual under its severe, religious folds,† (p.61). This imagery associates the madeleines with sensuality and the cakes evocatively recall sexual fantasies. The lyrical vocabulary attempts to persuade the reader that the subconscious and involuntary memory recall provides â€Å"the effect which loves has of filling me with a precious essence; or rather this essence was not in me, it was myself.† (p.58). Renza suggests that â€Å"memories [are] literally made new again by their introduction into the proleptic course of na... ...1980, p.53) and an â€Å"autobiographical consciousness [which] is that consciousness which thinks about itself â€Å"(Ibid,p.49). Swann’s Way is partly autobiographical. Yet it is also a literary novel which reflects upon memory and â€Å"creates a metamorphical representation of universal truths† (Lee,2000,P.89), which the reader can share in, as such it transcends Proust’s lifetime and can be emphasised with today, which can be seen from its current popularity. Proust’s text is one of â€Å"all-powerful joy† equating memories with happiness. He â€Å"manipulated the very genre of the autobiographical novel in order to convey his aesthetics regarding life and art.† (Nalbantian,1907.p.99). Deciding whether Swann’s Way is true or not is not as important as reading its evocative and beautiful language and feeling at one with Proust that memories are somehow more fulfilling than reality. Swann’s Way Essay -- Literary Analysis Memory takes centre stage in this novel, which departs from the traditional Nineteenth Century novel in that the narrative does not follow one protagonist throughout. In ‘Swann’s Way’ the protagonist is Marcel, but Proust, a modernist writer uses ‘distancing’ to create â€Å"an art of multiplication with regard to the representation of person ... creating aesthetics of deception for the autobiographical novel.† (Nalbantian, 1997, p.63). Also Proust referred to his narrator as the one who says ‘I’ and who is not always me.†(ibid). Proust’s highly subjective approach to fiction suits his subject of memory recall and the author uses this extract to analysis the voluntary or consciousness and the involuntary or subconsciouses memories. Marcel discovers through experience that intellectualising does not allow memories to resurface but familiar daily domestic sensations do. It is the â€Å"all powerful joy† and â€Å"exquisite pleasure† (p.58) of this subconscious memory recall which Proust is celebrating. The tone of the text is dreamlike and almost ecstatic, emphasising the spiritual aspect of memories. Proust uses lyrical words such as â€Å"fluted scallop of a pilgrim’s head† (p.58) which echoes â€Å"the little scallop-shell of pastry, so richly sensual under its severe, religious folds,† (p.61). This imagery associates the madeleines with sensuality and the cakes evocatively recall sexual fantasies. The lyrical vocabulary attempts to persuade the reader that the subconscious and involuntary memory recall provides â€Å"the effect which loves has of filling me with a precious essence; or rather this essence was not in me, it was myself.† (p.58). Renza suggests that â€Å"memories [are] literally made new again by their introduction into the proleptic course of na... ...1980, p.53) and an â€Å"autobiographical consciousness [which] is that consciousness which thinks about itself â€Å"(Ibid,p.49). Swann’s Way is partly autobiographical. Yet it is also a literary novel which reflects upon memory and â€Å"creates a metamorphical representation of universal truths† (Lee,2000,P.89), which the reader can share in, as such it transcends Proust’s lifetime and can be emphasised with today, which can be seen from its current popularity. Proust’s text is one of â€Å"all-powerful joy† equating memories with happiness. He â€Å"manipulated the very genre of the autobiographical novel in order to convey his aesthetics regarding life and art.† (Nalbantian,1907.p.99). Deciding whether Swann’s Way is true or not is not as important as reading its evocative and beautiful language and feeling at one with Proust that memories are somehow more fulfilling than reality.

Ray Bradbury Biography :: essays research papers

Ray Bradbury Biography U.S. author, born in Waukegan, Ill., on Aug. 22, 1920. In his stories, Bradbury wove together the intrigue of changing technology with insightful social commentary. One of his best-known works was 'The Martian Chronicles’; a collection of interrelated stories concerning colonization of the planet Mars those attracted readers both young and old. In it, Bradbury portrayed the strengths and weaknesses of human beings as they encountered a new world. Ray Bradbury grew up in Waukegan and in Los Angeles, where he founded a magazine called Futuria Fantasia while in high school. He sold his first short story when he was 21 years old. His early stories were published in pulp magazines, but Bradbury later published stories in such mainstream magazines as The New Yorker, Mademoiselle, and the Saturday Evening Post. His science fiction and fantasy short-story collections included 'The Martian Chronicles', 'The Illustrated Man', and 'Dinosaur Tales'. Bradbury's 1980 collection, 'The Stories of Ray Bradbury', covers a wide range of topics, none of which is truly science fiction. His novels included 'Fahrenheit 451', Dandelion Wine, and 'Something Wicked This Way Comes'. 'Fahrenheit 451' was made into a motion picture in 1966, and 'The Martian Chronicles' later appeared both as a motion picture and a television miniseries. In 1954 Bradbury was honored with an award from the National Institute of Arts and Letters for his contribution to American literature. In 1956 he collaborated with John Huston to create the screenplay for 'Moby Dick'. In addition to fiction Bradbury wrote 'Zen and the Art of Writing' and also published such dramas as 'The Anthem Sprinters’, 'The Wonderful Ice Cream Suit, The Pedestrian’, and volumes of poetry including 'When Elephants Last in the Dooryard Bloomed', 'Where Robot Mice & Robot Men Run Around in Robot Towns', and 'The Haunted Computer and the Android Pope'.

American Government Exit-polls

As per exit polls in Texas are concerned, there were some interesting results that are worth noting regarding the trend of voting. The Democrat beat the Republicans by a substantial margin of close to one million votes with McCain garnering 4, 479, 328 or 55% and Obama 3, 528, 633 or 44%. The voting in terms of age Exit polls in Texas for President showed that of the 47% male voters, Obama got 39% while McCain had 59%, and of the 53% female voters Obama had 47% while McCain got 52%. What was interesting in this exit poll result was the trend in voting by age.Texas exit poll revealed that among ages 18-29 comprising 16% of the total votes, Obama earned 54% votes and McCain 45%. Among ages 30-44 (31% of the total votes), Obama had 46% and McCain 52%. Of ages 45-64 (39% of the total votes), Obama got 41% While McCain earned 58%. Finally at 65 and older (14%) Obama had a lowest 32% votes while McCain got a high 66% of the total votes from this age group. The exit polls in Texas reveal im portant things. 1. That most men in general in this state favored and voted for McCain giving him 59% over Obama with only 39%.2. That, women in general in this state only slightly favoring McCain giving him a slight edge over Obama at 52% compared to 47%. 3. Among voters ages 18-29 comprising 16% of the total votes, Obama gets the upper hand with 54% compared to McCain’s 45 % 4. But among ages 30-44 which comprised 54%, McCain was the stronger candidate. 5. The trend in the voting by age shows that McCain was the top choice among the older voters. Ages 45-64 comprising 39% shows McCain widening his lead over Obama at 58% to 41% 6.Exit poll among ages 65 and older shows Obama further down at 32% compared to McCain’s 66%. 7. That this voting trend favored McCain considering the age bracket of the voters getting older. 8. That obviously this voting trend in the age bracket point to the direction of racial prejudice. 9. The younger generation was more open to accept socie tal change through conventional leadership styles. 10. That voting by race reveals that voters in Texas votes based on racial preferences. II. A Letter to the PresidentDear Mr. President: In view of the exit polls in Texas, apparently younger generations voted for you in view of their being open mindedness on the issues affecting our society. However, the same exit poll reveals that Texas voters in general are partisan voters voting merely based on racial preference. I therefore urge that you give particular attention on this observation by showing considerable fairness among the people of Texas despite you loss by a margin of almost a million votes for future reference.I hope for your favorable response on the matter by paying a visit and extend the atmosphere of reconciliation. Sincerely: III. Question on the election trends I believed that the trends in the general election have changed dramatically from previous trends. The change that took place according to CREST (The Centre f or Research into Elections and Social Trends) has to do with voters’ attitude that influenced their preferences for the kind of leaders they wanted for their country.In that report, voters chose the leader/s, who could deal with personal issues such as healthcare, economy, social security, gas prices, war in Iraq, political corruption lobbyist, terrorism, taxes, immigration, and environment (Hardy). The voting attitude was greatly influenced by the current issues that affected their country. The new trend I believe will pass on history and will be seen in future presidential elections especially if Obama proves himself as the right president who could correct the inaccuracies in the society.This period is very crucial in the history of the United States and while the new trend in USA election brings remedy to their crisis, the trend will become the basis in choosing government leaders. Reference Hardy, F. W. (9 Jan 2008). Election Issues Excel in America: National Issues Shin e in New Hampshire Presidential Primaries. Suite101. com. http://us-elections. suite101. com/article. cfm/election_issues_excel_in_america President Texas. ElectionCenter2008. CNN Politics. com. http://edition. cnn. com/ELECTION/2008/results/individual/#TXP00

Case in motivation and teamwork of Starbuck Essay

Case in motivation and teamwork of Starbuck Introduction Question 1 Â   Â   Â   Â   Â   Â   Formal teams are teams whose structures are clearly defined mainly of the basis of specialization. In these types of teams, the members are not equal and every one of them has a rank (Moorhead & Griffin, 73). For example, there are managers, supervisors and other junior employees. It is worthy noting that every member of a formal team performs their specific duties. For example, managers stay in their offices and issues directives to their juniors. On the other hand, informal teams have no structure and all team members are seen as equal regardless of their specialty. In these types of teams, any member can perform any task. Question 2 A team in Starbucks consists of three to six people and this helps the employees to know each other well. Any opinion expressed by employees is given an equal significance regardless of their position. The top management at Starbucks work together with their juniors which makes them more familiar and closer compared to other bureaucratic companies. The management at Starbucks treats all employees as equals and this is aimed at reducing the gap between the employees and the management. The top management at the company believes that employees are its main spirit. Consequently, the management adopts an interactive organizational structure that makes the employees love their jobs and perform them with passion. Question 3 a) The size of a team is an important factor because it determines how well the team members know each other. This is important because it brings about cohesion in the work place. b) The first benefit of Starbucks having small teams of staff in every branch is that the team members get to know each other better. Secondly, it improves communication within the group. Question 4 Â   Â   Â   Â   Â   Â   From the Starbucks case study, it is clear that there are three major issues that the company needs to address in its planning process namely listening to the opinion of its employees, equal treatment and ensuring good welfare for the employees. Â   Â   Â   Â   Â   Â   Equal treatment- this is one of the major issues that the company needs to address in its planning process. Equal treatment requires all employees to be treated equally regardless of their position. According to the case study, it is clear that the management at the company treats all employees as equals and refers to them as partners. This is important because it narrows the gap between the employees and the management. Treating every employees fairly and equally in the workplace results in a friendly working environment. Consequently, if the issue of equal treatment is addressed in the planning process, it will help in creating closer working atmosphere and good management (Rynes & Rosen 64). Â   Â   Â   Â   Â   Â   Listening to the employees- listening to the employees is other issue that requires to be addressed in the planning process. From the Starbucks case, it is clear that the company wants every employee to take part in developing plans and work as a team to achieve the set goals. Consequently, the company’s principles and policies are communicated to all employees, and there is no restriction in the employee’s individual opinions. By listening to the employees, makes them feel important which in turn motivates them hence increasing their productivity (Rynes & Rosen, 83). References Moorhead, G., & Griffin, R. W. Managing organizational behavior. (10th ed.). Cengage Learning., 2012. Print Rynes, S., & Rosen, B. A field survey of factors affecting the adoption and perceived success of diversity training. Personnel Psychology, 1995. Print Source document

The Difference Between Moroccan and French Media

Otmane Barakat AWT1003 07 Tuesday 30th, 2012 Moroccan and French Media â€Å"Whoever controls the media controls the minds†, said Jim Morrison. The media has definitely marked the current generation as it has an enormous power and effect on the nations. Nowadays, the media affects the way the audience thinks and behaves more than it has ever done. Enhanced by the technological advancement, especially the rise of Internet, the link between mass media and the public opinion has begun to change to become similar around the world.Moroccan and French media systems are not different from the others as their similarities are displayed in the fact that they are both using high technology facilities, incite violence, and ran by the government. To get started, the first thing in common between the Moroccan and French media is their wise use of highly-advanced communication facilities. Even though Morocco is a thirdworld country, it has been using communication technology since the end o f the last century.Telephone, telegraph, radio, and television services were available at that time; there were about 1. 3 million mainline telephones, about 120,000 cell phones, and 22AM/ 7 FM radio stations. In 2000, these communication facilities had witnessed an enormous growth as Morocco had the disposal of 243 radio stations, eight Internet providers and 166 television sets for every 1000 people. Nowadays, Morocco has over 21 million cell phones, 6 million television receivers, 8 million radio and internet users.Obviously, the media has made a clever use out of the telecommunication advancement since the storage and transmission of information has become easier than never. For instance, news corporations are offering stream-feeding news reports by emails, call centers, or text messages caring more about the gain than the information itself. Likewise, the French do not prefer to read as they are cited only for 164 adult readers out of every 1000. Further, they are very practica l people trying to make the best use out of technology just like any other developed country.In fact, France secures 60 million cell phone, 34 million television receivers, 55 million radio sets and 45 million internet users that earnestly serve the media. Furthermore, during the past ten years, the French population’s use of internet has increased from 14. 4% to 68. 9% according to the IWS (Internet World Stats) center argues. As an illustration, France has more than 20 news TV networks, 30 news radio stations, and 100 news websites.All in all, Moroccan and French media systems are making a good use out of the telecommunication advancement as it is the most practical way to communicate information with the people even though it may provoke violent behaviors. Media can be harmful to its consumers, especially for children as it incites violent and aggressive behaviors in both Morocco and France. The media has always been possibly deleterious as it is becoming more aggressive, rebellious, and immoral in Morocco.There used to be a time when tears used to stream down people's cheeks when they saw someone dying; however, nowadays, people have got ice cold watching the news in which violent and bloody material is transmitted. The media is desensitizing the humanity. Similarly, in France, news broadcasts are becoming more and more inhuman by showing beat up, injured, or slaughtered mothers and their children. As both Moroccan and French people are consuming these sequences, they are becoming gradually violent, their humanity is slowly fading away, and their conscience is becoming more and more silent.To sum up, the broadcasting of savage and inhuman sequences on media instruments incites an aggressive and inhuman aspect in the person; consequently, he becomes closer to becoming a toy than a freewill individual. Nowadays, the government’s shadows are able to reach anything it aims including the fourth estate. The Moroccan media is mainly run by corporati ons that are either semi or fully governmental. The government has shown interest into taking over the media as it is the perfect instrument for social control.In a critical period, the North of Morocco was against the late king Hassan II, the Sahara was still a contested territory, and the people were against the new and current king. With the appearance of the media, Morocco has been able to contain the fury of the people by spoon-feeding them what they needed to hear. As an illustration, the Moroccan people were experiencing their first interaction with the mystery box — also known as television in western countries — They were under the brainwash.Equally, France’s media is mainly being ran by government as it serves its own aims through telling the people what and what not to think. Governments have been facing difficulties lately as the people became more aware of their rights and privileges; therefore, the main objective of running the media has become thr eatened. Swaying people’s opinion nowadays is no longer easy. To conclude, both Moroccan and French media are being ran by the government as it is essential for them to tell the people what to think and believe.In the final analysis, when it comes to media, Morocco and France are similar. Both of the two countries use highly advanced telecommunication facilities. Further, they are both inciting violence through communicating provoking and aggressive material. Finally, Moroccan and French media are both run by the government as it needs to make sure it controls the people’s curiosity. It is sad to see how the fourth estate is negatively influencing the fate of humans and nations as they are nothing but toys in the big political game.

Comprehensive evaluation in Mathematics Essay

Continuous comprehensive Evaluation should be carried out in relation to learners’ cognitive, affective and psycho-motor growth. Cognitive growth refers to the intellectual development of learners (such as learners’ knowledge, comprehension, application, analysis, synthesis and evaluation). Affective growth emphasizes learners’ attitude, interest and personal development. Psycho-motor growth deals with learners’ ability to perform some activity or do some practical work. Therefore, if you want the teaching-learning process to be really effective, you should evaluate the learners continuously and comprehensively Hence to bring about the improvement in the quality of education and the holistic development of the child who is tomorrow’s global citizen, evaluation process should focus adequately on both scholastic and non-scholastic areas of development. Hence the focus needs to shift to comprehensive evaluation. The comprehensive evaluation also needs to have continuity at regular intervals through out the academic year. This thought is further gets support from the fact that the National Progressive Schools Association has also recommended the scrapping of class X board exams This module focuses upon the various evaluation tools and techniques which can be used for decision making with reference to learners scholastic and non scholastic needs. By comprehensive evaluation, we mean that evaluation should not concern itself only with knowledge but it shall also take into account the factors that are inherent in students’ growth such as skills, understanding, appreciation, interest, attitude and habits. In other words, evaluation should cover all the learning experiences of the learner in curricular as well as non-cognitive areas. Need of Continuous comprehensive evaluation. Continuous and Comprehensive Evaluation is intended to provide a holistic profile of the learner through assessment of both scholastic and non-scholastic aspects of education spread over the total span of instructional time in schools. It helps to identify those positive attributes of the learner which are not usually assessed during the examinations conducted by the Board As it is spread over a period of two years in class IX and X it provides several opportunities for the school to identify the latent talents of the learners in different contexts.

Importance Of College Education Essay

A college education is a necessary ingredient for a good job and comfortable lifestyle. In fact, all parents would love to see their children find successful, rewarding careers. Everyone rejoices when a child in their family graduates in college and finds a rewarding and fulfilling job related to one’s chosen field of interest. It’s no secret that a college education can help expand one’s horizons and increase one’s earning power.   Consider some of the statistics and one will be convinced of its importance. Around 84% say that it is extremely (37%) or very (47%) important to have a college degree in order to get ahead. About 62% of parents of high school students say that a college education is absolutely necessary for their child, another 35% say it’s helpful but not necessary, and only 3% say that it’s not that important. Strong majorities say it is absolutely essential that college students gain a sense of maturity and how to manage on their own (71%) and learn to get along with people different from themselves (68%). Americans are divided when it comes to the value of college education especially when the figures are mentioned. Forty-seven percent say that a person gets enough out of a college education to justify spending from $7,000 to $18.000 a year for it, as compared to 40% who think the expense is not justified. But there is no doubt that a lot of people regard a college education as a process that students must undergo to gain general life skills (Mullan, 2003). This, despite the fact that most schools have increased their tuition fees, excluding the cost of books, laboratory expenses and other miscellaneous expenses one incurs in the course of studying. For many families, college will be their second biggest long-term savings goal, other than savings for retirement. (Clark, 2004). There are now tools which can be used to help equip a person as he steps in college (The Education Imperative. Importance of a College Education). Surveys that were conducted regarding the importance of college education reveal that all leaders agree that a strong higher education system is vitally important to the well-being of American society. The U.S. Census Bureau states there is â€Å"a significant disparity between the incomes of those who graduate from college and those who don’t.† (How a College Education can pay off). The survey respondents were nearly unanimous in their view that â€Å"a strong higher education system is a key to the continued economic growth. In addition, the report found an overwhelming majority of leaders believe it is essential to insure that higher education is accessible to every qualified and motivated student. Approximately 92 % of respondents think that society should not allow the price of a college education to prevent qualified and motivated students from attending college. The leaders also agreed that the vast majority of qualified and motivated students can get a college education if they want one and that lack of student motivation and responsibility is a more important obstacle than lack of money (Mullan, 2003). Although education expenses are high, investing in a college education pays off. Recent studies show that employees with degrees earn, on average, 85 percent more than those with just a high school diploma.   They are given more opportunities in finding fulfilling jobs. This earnings gap is tremendous and can be as much as $1 million over a lifetime. Thus, parents need to encourage their children to continue higher studies rather than to work right after high school even if that entails additional expenses for them and more tightening of the belt.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   REFERENCES Clark, W.   2004. Universal College Grant. Retrieved Feb. 10, 2007 at: http://www.clark04.com/issues/highereducation/    How a College Education can pay off. Retrieved Feb. 10, 2007 at: http://www.americanfunds.com/college/importance/college-benefits.htm    Mullan, M, 2003. College Students Stress Importance of   Education to Pupils, Retrieved Feb. 10, 2007 at: http://www.gazette.net/200338/collegepark/news/178428-1.html The Education Imperative. Importance of a College Education. Retrieved Feb. 10, 2007 at: http://gearup.ous.edu/college_importance.php